tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79029585317626775502024-03-16T04:03:27.624-07:00SMOOTH CREATIONSDesmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-54426303469011819802014-12-18T13:08:00.002-08:002014-12-18T13:08:31.035-08:00THE JOURNALIST IS A SERVANT OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This is a paper which is going to discuss whether or not the journalist serves the public interest. The work will look at what authors are saying about the ideal situation and what is actually happening.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm0oO19SarowHLmofdcKRzFD7l23v3vdz4UDd-4klQbyQrB1iRnW4RW6m7S-xAK0k5IiWcPIip0_8wpq2HjlBYgW4GBVR6ujaXV8Y3REcq8MaKuDcIUqm8aUlIvYTzAgGiBJLi7p4rRPw/s1600/journal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm0oO19SarowHLmofdcKRzFD7l23v3vdz4UDd-4klQbyQrB1iRnW4RW6m7S-xAK0k5IiWcPIip0_8wpq2HjlBYgW4GBVR6ujaXV8Y3REcq8MaKuDcIUqm8aUlIvYTzAgGiBJLi7p4rRPw/s1600/journal.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">According Brian McNair, there are two paradigms which explain the role of the media. In the competitive paradigm, which looks at the ideal situation, he said, “within it... the journalist is depicted as the servant of the public interest” (McNair, 1998:21). Journalism should represent the interest of the people but in the dominance paradigm where there are inequalities, it becomes difficult to say that the media is interested in serving the public. Fengler and Rub-Mohl (2008) found ‘the increasing commercialization of journalism has been sharply criticized by scholars of mass communication and observers of the media business alike’ (p.667). Ideally the Journalist must serve the public interest but in reality the journalist has not served the public interest well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Journalism</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> which “is often seen as a way of informing society about itself, in all society’s diversity” (Franklin et.al, 2005: 129), has so many definitions but McNair (1988) sees it as “any authored text, in written, audio or visual form, which claims to be a truthful statement about, or record of, some hitherto unknown (new) feature of the actual, social world” (p.4). A <b>journalist</b> is that individual who is engaged in the activity of gathering, processing and dissemination<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a> of the information. According <i>Organisation of New Ombudsmen</i>, the Press Complaints Commission Code defines the <b>public interest</b> as including but not confined to detecting and exposing crime or serious impropriety ... and preventing the public from being misled by an action or statement of an individual, or organization. It also said that there is public interest in freedom of expression in itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Chomsky and Herman (1988) acknowledged “the mass media serve as a system for communicating messages and symbols to the general populace” (p.1). The primary purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with the information they need to be free and self-governing (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2007:12). They also said “The news media serve as a watchdog, push people beyond complacency and offer a voice to the forgotten (ibid). This is the ideal situation but is it not like that in the real situation. Henry H. Schulte said, ‘holders of political office have always tried to put reporters in their pockets’ (1981: vii). They are the powerful and the journalist makes the society hear them and their ideologies more that the voice of the forgotten. As McNair (1998) puts it, ‘Journalism in this model serves not in the public ... but the dominant, private, selfish interests of a society stratified...” (p.22). In Ghana, most media houses talk more for the politician than to check them. Again there are people in the rural areas whose voices have been forgotten and most journalists too neglect them. They are concerned about the powerful and always spreading their ideology. If journalists are good at their job, they hold government and institution to account. This is what real Journalists do. They scrutinize the executives shine light on dark places and dig where others do not - all in the public interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Brain McNair’s definition mentioned that the journalistic product must be truthful so that the media win the trust of the public (1998:5). Kovach & Rosenstiel (2007) agrees “Journalism’s first obligation is to truth” (p.36), and ‘everyone agrees journalists must tell the truth ... (ibid). The point of verifying or confirming material is to try to guarantee its truth for the reader or listener’ (Mencher, 1996:94) and “most reporters understand that they should seek out truthful material” (ibid: 40) so that the public will trust them. The Journalist must be truthful but in the ideal situation where there is competition, inequalities and exploitation, they are ready to tell lies to impress the powerful in the society and also to put money into their pockets. This is not in the public interest. The Journalist is no more serving the public interest but the powerful. This is not serving the public interest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ideally, Brian McNair stated that, journalism has to give a platform that gives equal competition to all social groups. The journalist has to create a platform for people to discuss political and ideological issues. ‘The press provides the forum in which all sorts of ideas are presented; it becomes a marketplace of ideas’ (Ferguson & Patten, 1993:29). People will have to share their ideas and it will be in the interest of the public but according to William Melody, as a result of economic conditions or circumstances, access to the marketplace of ideas is restricted to a privilege few (melody, 1978, as cited in the Meier, 2000: 298). As citizens of the world we should have the right to access most diverse opinions and the accurate truthful information but with the concentration of media ownership, this information is heavily regulated and biased which decrease its investigative nature. The information we receive is adversely influenced by the interests of media organisations which provides it. If the media become overly concentrated it allow abuses of power, lack of diversity of opinion, conflicting interests and suppression of journalistic freedom. The consequence of this is a poorly unformed public and this definitely cannot be in the public interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">There are some very good media houses and journalists out there doing a wonderful job for the society but a lot them are serving the interest of the powerful, owners, advertisers and themselves.<b> </b>A whole generation of journalists has now grown up never knowing or experiencing the creative ability to report in the public interest.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">DESMOND LAMPTEY,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">(RADIO XYZ, 93.1fm)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MA in JOURNALISM,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GHANA INSTITUTE OF JOURNALISM.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">REFERENCES</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Fengler, S. & Rub-Mohl, S. (2008). <i>Journalists and the Information-Attention Market: Towards an Economic Theory of Journalism</i>. London: SAGE Publications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Ferguson, D. L. & Patten, J. (1993). <i>Journalism Today</i>. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Franklin, B., Hamer, M., Hanna, M., Kinsey, M. & Richardson, J.E.R. (2005). <i>Key Concepts in Journalism Studies</i>. London: SAGE Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Herman, E.S. & Chomsky, N. (1988<i>). Manufacturing of Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</i>. New York: Pantheon Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Kovach, B. & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). <i>The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">McNair, B. (1998). The<i> Sociology of Journalism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Meier, W. A. (2000). <i>Media Ownership – Does it Matter?</i> Meier cited Bagdikian, retrieved from Kristyhn27.wordpress.com./2014/03... on 28<sup>th</sup> October, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mencher, M. (1996). <i>Basic Media Writing</i>. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Organisation of News Ombudsmen (ONO). (2012). <i>How Should we Define ‘in the Public Interest’? </i>Document retrieved from www.newsombudsmen.org /columns ... on 29<sup>th</sup> October, 2014 at 2am.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Schulte, H. H. (1981). <i>Reporting Public Affairs</i>. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.</span></div>
Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-40131123998408051632014-09-17T05:21:00.000-07:002014-09-17T05:21:00.018-07:00PARLIAMENTARY REPORTING SHOULD NOT BE LIMITED TO STRAIGHT NEWS WRITING.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0X0Z24lq_wVTEiup2ah2P-iWFmzeRpV33GQPkqcIrJUkMiFBFdE6RvplbBrRixzT6Ioj6BXB4MFazqDBrYljhHEEep0L7gszp5uNShyPjY8FsPR0gj8gvpV8v8-TVZyJTWDpJ-iwacerJ/s1600/PHOTO+J.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0X0Z24lq_wVTEiup2ah2P-iWFmzeRpV33GQPkqcIrJUkMiFBFdE6RvplbBrRixzT6Ioj6BXB4MFazqDBrYljhHEEep0L7gszp5uNShyPjY8FsPR0gj8gvpV8v8-TVZyJTWDpJ-iwacerJ/s1600/PHOTO+J.jpg" height="168" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parliamentary
reporting should not be limited to straight news writing in this age and time
of freedom of the press, freedom of expression and the right of the people to
have access to information. The media is the fourth (4th) estate of the realm
and if it has to do effectively by policing the other estates, then
parliamentary reporting should not be limited to straight news writing. It has
to go beyond just reporting straight news on parliament. Journalism, which is
the activity of gathering information, packaging, processing and turning it
into news, goes beyond straight news writing. It sometimes involves
investigations and coming out with findings in a feature form. Journalism which
includes reporting is an institution that has been established by the society
to play a specific role. As much as the society the society needs news or
information, society also expects the media or journalists to go beyond mere
reporting of the facts and give them something more if they (the media) have to
perform its watch dog function. Parliamentary reporting should go beyond
straight news reporting but one may ask how are they going to do that? This
paper spells it out in the subsequent pages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, news is “information or
reports about recent events…”. News is also a material that people must have
because it is important. It is any new information that interests and affects
people. News can also be seen as something that has just occurred or about to
happen as well as something that the public has the right to know, need to know
and an interest to know. News is very important to the society and society
needs news to survive. Straight news therefore “is a plain account of news
facts written in standard style, and structure (<a href="http://www.jsprinting.com/glossary">www.jsprinting.com/glossary</a>...).
It is also seen as “a straight forward account of factual news with little or
no comment or analysis (<a href="http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/glossary.html">www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/glossary.html</a>).
Straight news is news that consists of facts given straight without
embellishment. Its main aim is to inform. It uses the summary lead and is
written using the inverted pyramid structure. A straight news story is a timely
report on an event, usually written within 24hours after the event has taken
place. It deals with the facts alone and the writer does not have to add his or
her opinion. One just has to write what happened without adding what he or she
thinks but feature writing gives that flexibility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxford
English Dictionary simply sees parliament as “an assembly that makes a
country’s law. Parliament is a group of elected politicians or other people who
make the laws for their country. It is a legislative body. It is an assembly of
representatives, usually of an entire nation, that makes laws”. (<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/parliament.1xzz2Ab6Vidhc">www.answers.com/topic/parliament.1xzz2Ab6Vidhc</a>).
Parliament is a legislature whose power and function are similar to those
dictated by the Westminster system of the United Kingdom. More generally,
parliament may simply refer to a democratic government’s legislature. The term
came from the French <i>parlement</i>, the
action of <i>parler</i>(to speak); a
parliament is a discussion. The term came to mean a meeting at which such a
discussion took place. It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for
the body of people (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss
matters of state. Generally, a parliament has three (3) functions:
representation, legislation and parliamentary control (that is hearings,
inquiries). Reporting, on the other hand is giving a description of (something)
or information about it to someone. Reporting is also giving a vivid account of
an event or happenings. A report is a textual work (usually of writing, speech,
television, or film) made with a specific intention of relaying information or
recounting certain events in a wider presentable form. According to Derrick
Schneider, ‘Reporting is just a genre of writing, alongside essays and stories,
and bloggers most certainly fall into that genre.’ Parliamentary reporting should go beyond just
straight forward news writing in this time of right to information because
there is a lot that can be got from parliament than just a straight news.
Parliament, the law making body of liberal democracies is about debate and
arguments in which political parties, usually of opposing views, seek points of
convergence or attempt to convince others about the soundness and benefits to
be derived from their motion for the general good. The mass media play a very
important role in parliamentary life as they are a factor and sometimes key
determinants in the formation of opinion and matters of public interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOhZ_5R_wK19d1SMVo9Xchqdqt7JGIx6ZO_Y_puOQn8XWheEXzEb_EkZ8SbdEPQd4cejCtyrQw7jorTmiw0uHtL6FPPWvpZBX33rDChZTbwWpsfFlZuMUWU4cGh5VA-kRN-MBpVTrh3Dor/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOhZ_5R_wK19d1SMVo9Xchqdqt7JGIx6ZO_Y_puOQn8XWheEXzEb_EkZ8SbdEPQd4cejCtyrQw7jorTmiw0uHtL6FPPWvpZBX33rDChZTbwWpsfFlZuMUWU4cGh5VA-kRN-MBpVTrh3Dor/s1600/images.jpg" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana spells out freedom of the press and
of expression. This has given power to the media to report on all aspects of
social and political life including parliament. This freedom of the media helps
the media in exposing weaknesses and lapses of the democratic system, creating
opportunities for correction. There by performing their watch dog role as the
police of the society. According to the World Bank Institute, freedom of the
press should not be regarded simply as the freedom of journalists, editors or
proprietors alone to report and comment but should be regarded as the
embodiment of the public’s right to know and to participate in the free flow of
information. This is to say that the public has the right to know about the
happenings in parliament because they (the public) selected the
parliamentarians by voting for them to go to parliament and go to make laws and
policies for them. These laws and public policies will affect the people so
they have to know what is going on in parliament and it is the media that can
keep the people informed. From the idea that, there are debates in parliament
based on the needs and grievances of the people that are made known by the
media and that need of media to tell the people what goes on in parliament
tells us that, they (parliament and media) need each other. This reciprocity in
the functions of the two institutions only explains to what degree the relationship
between parliament and media ought to be one of understanding, mutual respect
and tolerance. Ideally, this is what should happen but in practice, though a
serious business of state, sometimes turn up great moments of drama for one
reason or another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parliamentary
reporting is the most boring aspect of reporting. It is about the same thing
that goes on there. The parliamentary reporter more often than not is always
reporting on parliamentary proceeding; the debates and counter debates that go
on there; the laws they come out with, to mention a just few. What is more
frustrating and boring are the restrictions as to what you can report and what
you can not report. For example, you can report on the House as a whole but not
on select committees. But I think parliamentary reporting should go beyond just
the straight news if really, the media is the fourth estate of the realm and it
has to let the public have information. Information to the public on parliament
should not be limited. On on the contrary, doing Parliamentary reporting, there
are a lot of restrictions as to what not to do. For example, criticising Parliament
is not done or you would have committed contempt of Parliament. In doing the
watch man’s job, being critical of the legislature is part of the media’s
responsibility while maintaining a healthy relationship with parliament and
this cannot be done in straight news which will only give you the room to
report on the facts or proceedings in Parliament. For instance, if Parliament
does something which goes contrary to what they stand for, I think the reporter
should be in a position to criticize it by checking it to let it know that what
it is doing is not good. This can be done beyond straight news writing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parliamentary
reporting should not be limited to straight news writing other than that, the
media would not be able to do its work effectively. The public has the right to
know about parliament, what goes on there, and how the people they (the public)
elected into parliament to go make laws are behaving and faring. If Parliament
passes a law and it is supposed to cover all of us but some members are not
abiding by it, I think the media must be able to report on it. This definitely
can not come in a form of straight news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to a report, <i>Parliament and the Media: Securing
an Effective Relationship</i>, the media or journalists has to develop more
imaginative and attractive ways to enhance parliamentary coverage so that the
people are encouraged to take greater interest in their society’s principal
democratic form. If this is to be realized, then parliamentary reporting will
have to go beyond straight news writing. Straight news writing is the same way
of writing and presenting the facts or reporting on the facts but if coverage
should be made imaginative and attractive then we are definitely looking beyond
that. Straight news writing can be boring since it is always the same way of
writing to present the facts all the time and does not give room to opinions.
This is another reason why I will say that Parliamentary reporting should not
be limited to straight news writing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some
may argue that because Parliament deals with Parliamentarians and their
arguments and counter arguments, one should avoid the inclusion of personal
views and opinions in the story as they can interfere with the audience’s
interpretation and understanding of a debate, particularly one that a political
controversy. But there is more that a reporter can get to the public than just
reporting on the proceedings. For instances if there was a debate and the
minority does not agree with the majority, the reporter can go beyond just
straight news reporting and do research and investigations to find out why one
group does not agree. The answers that you gather can be used to write more
stories to inform the public than just reporting on the Parliamentary
proceedings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Members
of Parliament are elected to the house by the public. They are sent there to
make laws and bring decisions that will help govern the people in the society.
If for instance, a member is abusing his or her office as a Member of
Parliament, the media should be in the position to let the people know that the
one you elected into office is not behaving well in office. The reporter can
conduct investigations and get evidence to support his story and then he will
come out with the story and the evidence. This exercise can not be done through
mere straight news reporting. One has to go beyond the straight news reporting
of Parliamentary proceedings and write features which can allow the reporter
that flexibility of expressing his opinion by may be stating what a Member of
Parliament should do and also state the way he or she is behaving now. This can
even give the public the opportunity to look at the situation and be informed
on whether to keep him or her there or to change that person in the next
voting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
media being the fourth estate of the realm should have the power of crticising
to check on the society which also includes politics and Parliament. Parliament
has the power to impose order within the House through such means as contempt
of Parliament. Due to this, the media has to abide by all the rules of the
House and know the relevant terminologies and right titles of Members. However,
an arbitrary use of this power of Parliament could have serious consequences on
Parliamentary reporting, especially when legislators use it to prevent
criticism or bad press from reporters and their media houses. If care is not
taken some the Members will hide behind this and do things that they are not
expected to do due to their office. The media should be allowed to criticize
the bad or negative things that the Members will do to drag the name of the
House into disrepute. If this can be done and done so well by the media, the parliamentary
reporting should be allowed to go beyond straight news writing. This is because
straight news writing will not give you that luxury to go behind the news and
fish for more to be given to the public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
public has the right to information and they also have the right to know what
is going on. The media is the institution that can let the public know and even
let the Parliamentarians know what the public is saying so it can help them do
their debate. They should be given the opportunity to go beyond straight news
reporting on proceedings but keeping in mid the restrictions that is there. The
reporter should be able to go beyond straight news writing and do research and
investigations to write further. Due to these and many other more reasons, I
still say that Parliamentary reporting should not be limited to straight news
reporting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Desmond Lamptey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Student Journalist
studying MA in Journalism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At The Ghana
Institute of Journalism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> And <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On air person at
Radio XYZ, 93.1fm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">REFERENCE:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.jsprinting.com/glossary">www.jsprinting.com/glossary</a>...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/glossary.html">www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/glossary.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/parliament.1xzz2Ab6Vidhc">www.answers.com/topic/parliament.1xzz2Ab6Vidhc</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.scripting.com/.../whatIsReporting.html">www.scripting.com/.../whatIsReporting.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-12697548777693017162013-12-03T15:15:00.002-08:002013-12-03T15:27:28.258-08:00DOS AND DON'TS OF WEARING RED LIPSTICK<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG2F0w3azPFZFjGnwPfnroOrmf7mJ1LLS1T9EW1C7_jdpcEhLPGaU7pPoCKK3oH3R74hZfNi4adiHi3bVCcQcX1No7SbXKPzsbnHs-Ya0IOHwfo6bZcIVmwt86B7kDIgGq8v7vqgufkj5q/s1600/des3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG2F0w3azPFZFjGnwPfnroOrmf7mJ1LLS1T9EW1C7_jdpcEhLPGaU7pPoCKK3oH3R74hZfNi4adiHi3bVCcQcX1No7SbXKPzsbnHs-Ya0IOHwfo6bZcIVmwt86B7kDIgGq8v7vqgufkj5q/s200/des3.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">From the time I was a little boy, my mum always wore red lipstick and had her nails and toenails painted red. I thought this was just the most beautiful thing in the world. I always think of her when I see a tube in the store. The mystery of the red lipstick has subsided in this new age where everyone is wearing the infamous Ruby Woo lipstick by MAC, and the funny thing is, it seems to fit everyone! Red is classy, bold and so sophisticated, but it must be worn right to pull it off.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ladies, follow these
steps so people won’t tell you it isn’t your best colour. That will be
embarrassing! Don’t wear red lipstick the wrong way by following my simple
rules.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1. Know What Shade Is Right for You<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Here’s the thing about choosing a good red lipstick: there are many
color shades suited for various skin types. You’ll need to try on many before
you find one that works for you. They come in a variety of shades, such as
orange shades of red, pink shades of red, and even cool bluish-reds. A safe and
general rule is that women with fair skin should lean toward true reds with no
orangey tones, while medium-skinned women look best in pinkish or orangey reds.
Dark-skinned women should go for darker shades and even sport purple and
wine-colored shades of red. This may take some trial and error to find what
works for you, so be patient! Finding a good lipstick shade can take years, but
don’t just go for the infamous red light red and expect to pull it off the
first time. With all the many shades out there, it might not hurt to go to a
makeup counter and have a specialist make recommendations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSIsdI1Sftdo5O1Z4BKf1appaxAmpOGomG9XV15KJbCvOXEfDdrwCNU2q8lJ-mmVh4bjnH3L8evMSuLvDiRo4PpfGmYAf_wGJy7mEcTRojUQJ8xjZhAHXrZhY_NnK-N0V00TrQbu9o63BP/s1600/des.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSIsdI1Sftdo5O1Z4BKf1appaxAmpOGomG9XV15KJbCvOXEfDdrwCNU2q8lJ-mmVh4bjnH3L8evMSuLvDiRo4PpfGmYAf_wGJy7mEcTRojUQJ8xjZhAHXrZhY_NnK-N0V00TrQbu9o63BP/s200/des.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">2. Bring Back The Lip liner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Many people think lip liner is outdated, but when it comes to red
lipstick, it is your best friend! The great thing about using lip liner with
red lipstick is that you won’t see it like you will when wearing other shades,
if you make sure to match up the lip liner to your lipstick correctly. The
point of using lip liner with red lipstick is so it locks the lipstick on your
lips. There’s nothing worse than finding you had smudged red lipstick on the
outside of your mouth after a date! Or, worse, finding it above or below your
lips. We don’t want you looking like Bozo the Clown, sweetie!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">3. Choose Your Outfit Accordingly</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">When choosing to wear red lipstick, you’ll have to base the entire rest
of your outfit around it. Red is bold, striking, and can be brilliant if worn
the right way. Yet, when it isn’t, it can be tacky, trashy and tragic! We want
you to look your best, so wear red lipstick with a complementary outfit. Red
looks great with solid black, such as little black dresses or a suit, and it
also looks great with most evening gowns, and jeans with a leather bomber
jacket for a more fashionable twist. It also pairs well with simple ballet
flats, a brown or black outfit, and with a leopard accent such as a scarf. Just
don’t overdo animal print with red lipstick; that’s a big no-no! Also, if
you’re wearing sweats, leave the red lipstick at home and put on a gloss to
keep things simple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4. Don’t Let It Migrate to Your Teeth<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhrk4GkMh-v8ZIQRdmSyIXZ8kQH_Gb1hrTpEpJwUe07g_RwAbLD6LBNa5QGFA1RKMPWb1hQ4jhvpWd-bBttXPtTHM0-jfGCNqeoQFqbZshnha_gRJF25NaozhkqWqrTAJ9DhM01WaJ6uom/s1600/des+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhrk4GkMh-v8ZIQRdmSyIXZ8kQH_Gb1hrTpEpJwUe07g_RwAbLD6LBNa5QGFA1RKMPWb1hQ4jhvpWd-bBttXPtTHM0-jfGCNqeoQFqbZshnha_gRJF25NaozhkqWqrTAJ9DhM01WaJ6uom/s200/des+2.png" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Red lipstick is so bright and noticeable, that you can bet if it gets on
your teeth, people will notice you, though not in the way you were hoping. To
prevent this, be sure to blot your lips, and try an old trick well known to
women everywhere. Insert a clean finger into your mouth, close your lips around
it, then pull the finger out. You’ll get rid of the excess lipstick found on
the inside of your lips this way. Just be sure to wash your hands after.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">5. Make Sure Your Teeth Are Pretty And White<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It can’t hurt to whiten your teeth regularly if you’re wearing red
lipstick. Red lipstick does not look good on yellow-stained teeth from coffee,
tea, or other dark beverages or tobacco. Ever seen a flashy white smile with
red lipstick? It’s gorgeously bold and alluring, while also still looking clean
and ladylike. If you’re going to wear red, wear it right and keep your teeth
white!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">6. Put Away The Pink<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Whatever you do, don’t wear anything pink with red lipstick. This is a
huge fashion no-no, and a red lipstick nightmare. This is a terrible clash of
colors and will take away from the simple bold effects red can offer and seem
overstated and nasty instead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">7. Tone The Rest down<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">When wearing red lipstick, be sure to tone the rest of your makeup down
by using subtler, skin-friendly shades. For example, red lipstick pairs well
with light brown eyeshadows better than dark black eyeshadows, or purples.
Don’t wear rosy red blush with red lipstick, but go with a softer blush shade.
Also be sure to get a clean, pressed powder to keep your skin looking soft and
polished. Make sure you don’t overstate your eyeliner and embrace a good
mascara!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If you wear red lipstick, let me hear from you, your experience.</span></div>
Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-42610072348160474242013-10-01T15:34:00.000-07:002013-10-01T15:41:00.641-07:00TECHNOLOGY AND THE TRANSIENCY OF RADIO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi4vLpslYe07XvjKqJcZXtQSX31wXExjwf49hWNbVpllCrKS3D4l54n1SvkR8v1mAAGYNo2y7qARj__J1lN-6NBEU1x80_yb2kS5cPLgHVu1Z6_bXnM_2z56_pJQ7BtYKDh4JNhaGTlb4Y/s1600/ARTICLE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi4vLpslYe07XvjKqJcZXtQSX31wXExjwf49hWNbVpllCrKS3D4l54n1SvkR8v1mAAGYNo2y7qARj__J1lN-6NBEU1x80_yb2kS5cPLgHVu1Z6_bXnM_2z56_pJQ7BtYKDh4JNhaGTlb4Y/s1600/ARTICLE.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Radio
has been the preferred mass medium of communication in Africa and other parts
of the world. For a long time to come, radio will remain to be the favoured
mass medium of communication. In the age of an abundance of media it might come
as a surprise to some that he oldest means of mass broadcasting – radio – is
not only holding its own but managing to increase its audience (Fleming, 2002,
p.5). Radio is endlessly adaptable. Even though there are challenges from other
media, radio continue to be popular because of its ability to adapt to changes
including technological advance and changes in the world. Stephen Bernard
(2002) notes, “radio’s ability to survive in a competitive media environment
has always depended on how well broadcasters tap into social, cultural and
technological changes” (p.17). It is a fact that improvement in technology has
made radio broadcasting simpler. This is to say that, getting items to air
using digital technology is quicker than the old analogue system and the sound
quality is better, but the advancement in the quest for technology cannot
question the transiency of radio. Radio is transient and no matter the age
within which we find ourselves, radio’s messages are fleeting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mass
media, including radio performs the basic function of educating, informing and
entertaining. Radio has its form and nature and that its characteristics. Among
the characteristics of radio are radio has speed and it is simple, radio makes
pictures, radio is person-to-person, radio is cheap, radio is transient or a
one chance medium, radio is selective, radio lack space and radio has music.
Some people think that due to the coming on of technology the transient character
of radio is no more, but that is not true. In the midst of technology the
transiency of radio cannot be questioned. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Radio
is the process of sending and receiving messages by electromagnetic waves, a
transmitter or a receiver is used for his sound broadcasting. According to Ul
Hassan (2010), radio is a technology that transmits data to a remote point
where a receiver detects that signal with the use of wire. Radio comes through
the process of radiation. Radio broadcasting is a wireless transmission over
radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Audio broadcasting can be done
through cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio and
internet radio through streaming media on the internet which is supported by
technology. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes. It is also seen as the application of science to meet an objective or
solve a problem. Technology has affected every aspect of life including radio
but cannot stop the transiency of radio.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The
transiency of radio is the fact radio messages are “irredeemable”. This is to
say that, they are “irrepeatable” in the sense that once transmitted, the message
is gone, unless otherwise, a repeat broadcast is scheduled. Even then, the message
is so quickly changing fast that the listener is unable to re-play the message
the same time it is broadcast. Radio is said to be a one chance medium. The
listener has only one chance to listen and understand and technology has not
changed it in any way. On radio, what is being said does not exist any longer
unless you record it and even that when it is being played again, it is
fleeting because it is passing quickly and if you miss something and you want
to go back, to have to go through the problem of stopping it, rewinding it and
playing it again. Advancement in and the quest for technology, has not touch
the transient nature of radio. The words on radio have a momentary life. After
it is spoken, it disappears unlike newspaper or printed books that you can
always refer to. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technology
has brought a lot of changes to radio but it cannot question the transient
nature of radio. Radio is still transient and the messages are fleeting.
Technology, without a doubt has brought so many good things to radio and even
made working on radio easy. Technologies such as, multi-track and digital
recording enhances this aural medium potential (Hilliard, 2008). There are some
computer programmes like Podcast, Hulkshare, Sound Cloud, YouTube, just to
mention a few of them, that are used to record radio programmes and played back
later. For example, a podcast is a type of digital media of an episodic series
of audio radio, video, PDF or ePud files subscribed to and downloaded through
the web syndication or stream online to a computer device. Some radio stations
and presenters rely on these technologies to record their programmes and put
them on their websites or on social media networks like Facebook, Twitter,
Flicker, and so on, to be played later. It is believed that for instance if you
miss the live show, you have a chance of listening to it again so its takes
away radios transiency but I personally do not think so. Even when you log on
which ever network and you decide to play the programme back, the messages are
still fleeting and they pass quickly and go and you will only have to rewind it
to get the part you did not get well. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
and some other big media houses do podcasting to cater for people who missed
the shows live but it does not question the transient nature of radio.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kojo
Ampofo who is popularly known as DJ Black on Joy fm records all his on air
programmes and podcast them to be listened to later but if one goes to the
podcast plays it, it is still fleeting just like live radio. The only thing
here is that you can pause it, stop it, rewind it, play it but does not change
the fact that radio is transient.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I
would want to emphasis that, with the coming of technology which has brought a
lot of blessing than curses to radio, radio remain to be a transient medium.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> BY: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DESMOND LAMPTEY</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">GRADUATE JOURNALIST</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">RADIO XYZ, 93.1FM</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bernard,
S. (2000). Studying Radio. London : Arnold<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fleming,
C. (2002). The Radio Handbook. London and New Year : Routledge Taylor and
Francis Group.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hilliard,
R.L. (2008). Writing for Television, Radio New Media. USA : Thomson Wadsworth
Boston.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ul
Hassan, T.A. (2011). Brief History of
Radio </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-88326461817085190352013-06-26T06:30:00.001-07:002013-06-26T06:36:47.963-07:00RADIO’S SAID TO HAVE MUSIC<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimSkVMh29XJ8Ey6UgUh6BoTxYtUPB4aKse2u1vMwxhSSbN76l789mKAb3bdStet3NCP3d32ec7KdNb2CHeRIYRFaYLr5tahphgCUSjSOWSKA_KAAnPzibMN26tlWoVf-spA6v7HhHJ7Ff/s1600/old-radio-set-28367027.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimSkVMh29XJ8Ey6UgUh6BoTxYtUPB4aKse2u1vMwxhSSbN76l789mKAb3bdStet3NCP3d32ec7KdNb2CHeRIYRFaYLr5tahphgCUSjSOWSKA_KAAnPzibMN26tlWoVf-spA6v7HhHJ7Ff/s200/old-radio-set-28367027.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>R</b></span>adio is used to educate, to
inform and to entertain. As part of its entertainment functions, radio plays
music. Radio has a rich array of music and the range of music radio provides is
unprecedented. Radio is said to have music because radio has a huge library of
music more than any music library in the world. With the coming of technology,
one would have thought that, radio’s position when it comes to music will be
taken over by the internet or other technological platforms but radio still has
the most incredible range of music. Technology has rather made storage of music
easier for radio and it continues to give out more different genres of music
because radio stations can be found in almost all parts of the world. Radio is
constantly changing and “throughout the last century, it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has adapted to cultural and technological
change to remain a popular and distinctive medium despite the growth of
television, cinema, cable and satellite service … and even the internet”
(Fleming, 2002, pg1) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Radio is a technology that
transmits data to a remote point where a receiver detects the signal with the use
of wire (UL Hassan, 2010). Radio is also the transmission and reception of
electromagnetic waves of radio frequency, especially those carrying “sound”
messages. It is derived from radiation which is a principle that governs radio
waves. Technology is a body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills
and extract or collect materials. Technology is also seen as the application of
science to meet an objective or solve the problem. Technology has helped radio
to improve on the way it stores music, thereby helping radio to give more
different types of genres of music. Radio has got music and no other media or
platform can change that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Oxford English Dictionary sees
music as a vocal or instrumental sounds combined to produce beauty and express
emotions; the art of this is, the written signs representing this; something
very pleasing to or welcome to the ear (p. 336). Music is a pattern of sounds
made by musical instruments or singing or a combination of both, intended to
give pleasure to people listening to it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Hilliard (2008) stated that
Radio, in the past and now is also music and talk. He mentioned that although
talk and other non-music specialized format have recently increased on radio
programming today is still principally music (ibid, pg. 302). According to
Fleming (2002), most radio stations in the world are music based, and the style
of each station is a crucial aspect of the station’s identity. Radio stations
all over the world use music and the music they play are seen as a key
component of its audience’s identity. Radio disc jockeys (DJ) use music to do
their work on air. They bring a very rich array of music to the listener
thereby increasing the music library of radio. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Now radio stations store their music
on hard disk that is accessed either by a fader system or keyboard. In these
times of technological advancement, radio can store more music. Hard disk can
take a very large number of songs that makes the work of the DJ easy. Can you
just imagine the number of radio stations around the world with hard disks to
store music? It will be countless; multiplied by the number of songs each of the
hard disks can take. Technology has rather come to reinforce the fact that
radio has music and that it has an incredible and unlimited range of music. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Technological advancement has
really helped radio musical library in a very positive way. Indeed radio’s said
to have music and technology has been a blessing rather than a curse to radio.
Unlike in time past, that, people used live instruments to produce music which
also take a lot of time, now by the help of technology music is produced in a
relatively short time. Technology has helped a lot of musicians and producers
to release songs easily and in short time. Now a lot of songs being produced involve
technology and it makes making music easier. As radio play these songs, it
increases it library and this goes on all round the world. While people produce
more Highlife, Hiplife, Agbadza and other local type of music, some other
people somewhere also produce more<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jazz,
Blues, Soul, Zouk, Ndombolo, Calypso, just to mention a few. These and many
more are all played on the radio in different parts of the world. Radio has
music that is unlimited. Radio plays every type of music and the range of music
that radio gives is unprecedented to any found record in any record library in
the world. Technology has played a very important role in this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The genres of music on radio are
varied. Now with the help of technology, we can listen to music from all over
the world through internet radios. There are a lot of radio stations all over
the world and now with technology, most of them are online. There are some
radio stations specifically established for the internet. For example once you
have access to the internet, you can use TuneIn, an audio computer programme
which can be use to receive radio signals of radio stations all over the world;
provided it is on the internet. This gives people all over the world to get
access to different genres of music that radio has stored. Technology has come
to help radio increase its musical library. Now with technology, I can be here
in Ghana and listen to an Indian music from a radio station in India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Radio has music and the
technology advancement has really been a blessing to radio. Technology has
really helped increase the music library of radio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Technology brought internet radio and it has
given us access to an incredible and unlimited range of music provided by
radio. Technology has really reinforced that fact that radio has music and it
is insatiable, inexhaustible and infinitiable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Desmond Lamptey</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">On-air person</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Radio XYZ, 93.1fm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fleming,
C. (2002). The Radio Handbook. London and New Year : Routledge Taylor and
Francis Group.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hilliard,
R.L. (2008). Writing for Television, Radio New Media. USA : Thomson Wadsworth
Boston.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ul
Hassan, T.A. (2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brief History of
Radio </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">m.articlesbase.com/education-articles/a-brie-history-of-radio-2169380.html</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Science.education.nin.gov/supplements/nin4/technology/guide/lesson
1.htm</span></span></div>
Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-67179428822410801572013-06-26T05:34:00.000-07:002013-06-26T05:37:00.767-07:00Aaron Tippin Ready to Fly Classic Plane: Boeing B-29 Superfortress is last operational craft of its kind.Aaron Tippin, an accomplished pilot as well as country
singer/songwriter, will be at the controls of a classic airplane when he
flies into the Smyrna (Tenn.) Airport, outside Nashville, July 2.
Airman Aaron will fly copilot aboard the Commemorative Air Force's
famous Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, the only remaining flying
example of the aircraft in the world. Aaron is a Commemorative Air Force
member and also serves as a spokesperson for the organization.<br />
The
event is open to the public and will allow attendees to get up close
with a variety of famous military aircraft. Cockpit tours of the B-29
are also available. The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is best known as the
aircraft that helped bring about the end of World War II with its
missions over Japan.<br />
Aaron is a commercial, instrument-rated pilot
and is also qualified to pilot a helicopter. On the musical side, he is
currently part of a joint effort with fellow stars Joe Diffie and Sammy
Kershaw on the album <em>All in the Same Boat</em>.Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-84346325739898902642013-02-10T02:32:00.000-08:002013-02-10T02:32:13.715-08:00RELEVANCE OF ICT TO MASS COMMUNICATION<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To deny the fact that
Information and Communications Technology is not only important but crucial in
Mass Communication is an understatement. In this post- modern world today, to
live without knowledge of ICT is like having a pen in your hand without knowing
what to do with it. Our world has become a global village without necessarily
destroying our various cultures. Like the Radio and Television before it, the
Computer has eventually become a home appliance that many people look at as an
indispensable medium of communication. The purpose of this write up is to
discuss the importance of ICT in Mass Communication. Let us begin with the
definition of the terms.<br />
According to Denis McQuail (2000), the term communication has many different
meanings and definitions but the control idea is of a process of increased
commonality or sharing between participants, on the basis of sending and
receiving messages. Communication is the act of conveying information for the
purpose of creating a shared understanding. It’s something that humans do every
day (http://www.communicationstudies.com/what-is-communication ) . The word
“communication” comes from the Latin “communis,” meaning “to share,” and
includes verbal, non-verbal and electronic means of human interaction. Scholars
who study communication analyze the development of <a href="http://www.communicationstudies.com/communication-skills" title="communication skills"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">communication skills</span></a> in humans and
theorize about how communication can be made more effective. The term mass
describes a very large but amorphous set of individuals that engage in similar
behavior, under external influence and are viewed by their would-be
manipulators as having little or no separate identity, forms of organization or
power, autonomy, integrity or self-determination (ibid). Many definitions of
mass communication have been attempted. They range from simple “communication
directed at the masses of people”, to more thorough and complex definitions
such as Sydney Heads. He states: “Mass communication means the approximately
simultaneous delivery of identical messages by high speed reproduction and
distribution to relatively large and undifferentiated numbers of people”. Mass
communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various
means by which individuals and entities relay information through mass media to
large segments of the population at the same time. It is usually understood to
relate to News paper and Magazine Publishing, Radio, Television, and Film as
these are used both for disseminating news and for advertising.<br />
Mass communication research includes media institutions and processes such as
diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation
of public opinion. In addition to studying practical skills of journalism,
public relations or advertising, they offer programs on "mass
communication" or "mass communication research.<br />
Information and Communications Technology or (ICT) on the other hand, is an
umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and
communication of information. Short for <strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">nformation and </span></em><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">C</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ommunications </span></em><strong><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">T</span></strong><em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">echnology</span></em>, it is the
study or business of developing and using technology to process information and
aid communications </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">(http://www.webopedia.com...</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
term is sometimes used in preference to Information Technology (IT),
particularly in two communities: education and government. In the common usage
it is often assumed that ICT is synonymous with IT; ICT in fact encompasses any
medium to record information (magnetic disk/tape, optical disks (CD/DVD), flash
memory etc. and arguably also paper records); technology for broadcasting
information - radio, television; and technology for communicating through voice
and sound or images - microphone, camera, loudspeaker, telephone to cellular
phones. It includes the wide variety of computing hardware (PCs, servers,
mainframes, networked storage), the rapidly developing personal hardware market
comprising mobile phones, personal devices, MP3 players, and much more; the
full gamut of application software from the smallest home-developed spreadsheet
to the largest enterprise packages and online software services; and the
hardware and software needed to operate networks for transmission of
information, again ranging from a home network to the largest global private
networks operated by major commercial enterprises and, of course, the Internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN MASS
COMMUNICATION:<br />
One of the importance of ICT is that it has helped in the technological
development of Mass Communication. With the increased role of the Internet in
delivering news and information, mass communication studies and media
organizations tend to focus on the convergence of, publishing, broadcasting and
digital communication. The internet was created to provide easy access to much
needed information, education and entertainment online. It provides less
expensive option to these sources, because people can easily download an entire
musical album from a website and use at a much lower fee. Also, introduction of
this new technology has not only enhanced Mass Communication but also
challenges the traditional concept of Mass Communication where according to the
old definition, the source of Mass Communication message was defined as a large
organization whose message is sent to a large heterogeneous scattered audience.<br />
A case in point is electronic commerce on the internet which helps advertising
agencies to advertise the products and services of their clients on the website
which can easily be accessed by customers. Consumers are also able to shop on
line at the comfort of their homes and offices which makes shopping easy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Secondly, information technology has impacted positively on Advertising
Agencies to increase productivity since they could easily access information on
the customers of their clients through research on the internet, develop their
advertisement and print hard copies of it, irrespective of the size of the
copy. Likewise, public relations practitioners are able to easily analyse data
collected from research on the internet and other sources and make it available
to management.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Furthermore, media houses have also enhanced their performance with the use of
information technology. They are able to gather more needed information and
feed their audiences with current news and information through their website
and other electronic media. They are also able to use the media to solicit
views from their audiences on various issues. Similarly, press houses are able
to plan the pages of their News papers and easily print the hard copies using
this technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
More so, the internet offers businesses information on the local and foreign
stock market and the opportunity to trade their stocks. Financial institutions
also make use of the information on the financial market to take decision.
Government also uses information technology especially the internet to reach
most of its publics. This helps to disseminate information on government
policies and programmes. Political parties also make use of the internet and other
electronic media to disseminate information on their selected candidates, party
policies and programmes.<br />
In spite of these benefits of ICT in Mass Communication, there are bad sides to
it. The introduction of ICT, has rendered most communicators unemployed since
their jobs can easily be done without them. Also, the inability to censor
information on the internet or control certain information from reaching some
vulnerable group of people in the society is a major concern to many people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
In conclusion, it can be realized that the development of Information and
Communication Technology has impacted more positively on Mass Communication
than negatively and so ICT plays an important role in Mass Communication.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">WRITTEN
BY:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DESMOND LAMPTEY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(SMOOTH OPERATOR)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">GHANA INSTITUTE OF JOURNALISM & RADIO
XYZ, 93.1fm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERNCES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.communicationstudies.com/what-is-communication</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ICT.html">http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ICT.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allen, R.R., Parish, S.
& Mortensen, C.D. (1974). Communication : Interacting Through Speech.
Charles E. Merill Publishing Co., A. Bell & Howell Company, Ohio.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">McQuail, D. (2001).
McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. Sage Publication, Los Angeles</span></div>
Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-60773139523503845292012-09-11T00:29:00.000-07:002012-09-11T00:31:30.901-07:00THE AFRICAN HAS A HISTORY, TREVOR ROPER<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">THE AFRICAN HAS A HISTORY, TREVOR ROPER</span></b></div>
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Generations of traders came by ship or caravan, to purchase Africa’s wealth in gold, ivory and human beings, but
their report produced more mysteries than they sold. Where did Africans come
from? Why did they look so different from other men, and have different
customs? Eventually the Europeans concluded that the Africans were savages,
inferior human beings, and they could not help being the way they are. According
to Chapter one of <i>History of Africa</i>
named; The Original Africans, that answer lasted until the African nations
regained their independence in the middle of the twentieth century. Since that
time scholars have rediscovered Africa’s
history and heritage. The so called “dark continent”, it turns out, is not just
a land of endless savagery and chaos. Its people have a history of their own,
and have created cultures, nations and art that often compare favourably to
what other cultures have produced.</div>
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(http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/africa/af01.html) </div>
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For a long time, all kinds of myths and prejudice concealed
the true history of Africa from the world at
large (Ki-Zerbo (Ed.) 1995). Although pioneers like Leo Frobenius, Maurice
Delafosse and Arturo Labriola have done important work on Africa
as early as the first decades of this century; a great many non-African experts
could not rid themselves of certain preconceptions and argued that the lack of
written sources and documents made it impossible to engage in any scientific
study of such societies. But the question is: is history all about paper or
written documents? “Before even the British came into relations with our
people, we were a developed people, having our own institutions, having our own
ideas of governance.” (J. E. Casely-Hayford, 1992) the continent of African had
been occupied by black Africans, several million years ago. This is to say
that, long before the white man came to Africa,
the African continent has been occupied by Black African and had their
independence. According to Walter Rodney (1973) in his book “<i>How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</i>; there
were developments going on in Africa until the
white man came and it was truncated. All these and many other reasons refute
the assertion by Trevor Roper that Africa has
no history. </div>
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Hugh Trevor-Roper, the son of a doctor, was born in
Northumberland on the 15<sup>th</sup> January, 1914 and died on 26<sup>th</sup>
January, 2003 of cancer in an oxford hospital. He was 89years. He was educated
at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford; he
became a research fellow at Morton
College in 1937. He was a
historian who was known for his studies in 17<sup>th</sup> Century European
history. He was a Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University.
In 1963, the Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford,
Hugh Trevor-Roper(later, Lord Docre of Glanton), gave a series of lectures at
Sussex University that were transmitted by BBC television and, subsequently
published both in a popular periodical and in a book (Fuglasted, 2005). According
to David (2010), the lectures by Trevor-Roper were reprinted in The Listener in
November and December and then with changes in <i>The Rise of Christian Europe</i> in 1965. This is to say that, H. R.
Trevor Roper – in a moment of condescension that quickly became notorious –
declared to an audience on the BBC; “Perhaps in the future, there will be some
African History to teach. But, at present there is none: there is only the
history of the Europeans in Africa. The rest
is darkness… “Trevor-Roper had not then enabled as Lord of Glanton; but if he
spoke without the authority of the peerage, his pronouncement still came, as it
were, ex cathedra, from the podium of the Regius Professor of Modern History at
Oxford (Kwame Anthony Appiah, 1998).</div>
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G. W. F. Hegel earlier before Trevor-Roper mentioned that
when it came to humanity and human history, unfortunately, there just was no
room for Africans. Hegel stated; “At this point we leave Africa,
not to mention it again. For it is no historical part of the World: it has no
movement and development to exhibit”. He claimed that the historical movement
and development that is in the northern part belong to the Asiatic or European
World. It is against this back drop that Oxford
university professor Hugh Trevor-Roper echoed Hegel over a century later when
he stated “Perhaps in the future there is only the history of Europeans in Africa. The rest is darkness, and darkness is not the
subject of history.”</div>
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Perhaps one may argue that, Trevor-Roper, Hegel and people
who have said that there is no history in Africa
were looking at movement and paper sources. Personally, I believe history go
way beyond the two mentioned above. “The general history of Africa
is, in particular, a history of ideas and civilizations, societies and
institutions. It is based on a wide variety of sources including oral tradition
and art forms” (General History of Africa (1993) edited by Ali A. Mazrui and C.
wondji). According to the Oxford English Dictionary history is the study of
past events; the past. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English also
sees history as something that has been done or experienced by a particular
persons or thing repeatedly over a long period. The word history comes from the
Greek word historia, means “inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation.
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of
information about past events. All the above on history tells us the there is
more to history than just written materials and movement. The quotation by
Trevor-Roper has two (2) dimensions: He says the history began when the white
man came and you can clearly see that for Trevor-Roper, if there is no written
material, then there is no history but Africans have based their history on
oral history so Trevor-Roper’s argument does not hold water and leaves much to
be desired because before the white man came to Africa there were a lot of
things going on. He has exhibited a very high level of ignorance in African
issues.</div>
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The book, “The <i>Ambiguities
of History: The Problem of Ethnocentrism in Historical Writing</i>, written by
Fin Fuglestad, argues that history may, by definition, be an imperialist
science or a quintessentially Western form of discourse. Finn Fuglestad thinks
there is something profoundly ambiguous about the science or academic
discipline we call history. It is the only science that is the product of its
own object of study, the past, an object outside of which it cannot exist. It
is also the only the science that can study itself. You know, history has a
relationship with one of the so called civilizations of the world that borders
on the incestuous. The civilization is Western Civilization: history has both
emerged from it and helped to shape it in such a way that they are inextricably
linked. History, with its Western conceptual framework, has become a defining
part of Western Civilization to the extent that the West cannot even conceive
of itself being without a history. But what happens when history is removed
from its natural habitat? The real issue therefore concerns all those societies
and people outside the West who, in accordance with the Hegelian tradition,
have traditionally been labeled as “without history”. What does it mean exactly
“not to have history?” The construction of the pasts of “people without” poses
a tremendous challenge to the science of history, especially at the conceptual
level.</div>
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Again Fuglestad(1992) in his essay “The <i>Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History</i>, asserted that back
in the early 1960’s the distinguished Professor Hugh Trevor-Roper of Oxford University
proclaimed, as every Africanist probably knows, that at least pre-colonial
Black African had no history. He must have meant what he said, for he repeated
his contention in 1969 by putting the label “unhistoric” on the African
continent; the whole of the African continent that is, including Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Maghrib. History
tells us that civilization started way back in Egypt
which is in Africa so what does Trevor-Roper
call that one? Darkness? Africa’s great civilizations
made an immense contribution to the world, which is still marvelled at by
people today. Ancient Egypt,
which first developed over 5000 years ago, is one of the most notable of these civilizations
and one of the first monarchies anywhere in the world. However even before the
rise of this civilization, the earlier monarchy of Ta Seti was founded in Nubia, in what is today the Sudan. Egypt
of the pharaohs is best known for its great monuments and feats of engineering
(such as the Pyramids), but it also made great advances in many other fields
too. The Egyptians produced early forms of paper and a written script. They
developed the calendar too and made important contributions in various branches
of mathematics, such as geometry and algebra, and it seems likely that they
understood and perhaps invented the use of zero. They made important
contributions in mechanics, philosophy, irrigation and architecture. In
medicine, the Egyptians understood the body’s dependence on the brain over 1000
years before the Greek scholar, Democritus. Some historians now believe that
ancient Egypt had an
important influence on ancient Greece,
and they point to the fact that Greek scholars such as Pythagoras and
Archimedes studied in Egypt,
and that the work of Aristotle and Plato was largely based on earlier
scholarship in Egypt.
For example, what is commonly known as Pythagoras’ theorem was known to the
ancient Egyptians hundreds of years before Pythagoras’ birth.</div>
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On the face of it there is little reason why we should
bother with this type of point of view now in the 1990s. After all, the
avalanche of articles and books on African history, including several
multi-volume General Histories – which have been published since the 19960s, in
a sense bear testimony to the absurdity of Trevor-Roper’s position. Walter
Rodney (1972) a West Indian Marxist historian from Guyana
is best known for his book<i> How Europe
Underdeveloped Africa. </i>The book was
published for a number of reasons and one of the reasons for this book’s appeal
is the author’s considerable knowledge of African history and his skill in
using this knowledge to discredit those many European writers of the past who
considered Africans primitive and who echoed the notorious statement of Hugh
Trevor-Roper that, “Africa has no history”. According to Professor Adu Boahen,
Trevor-Roper is a man who had never done any serious research in Africa, but he felt confident enough out of sheer
intellectual ignorance to make that statement. (<a href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/">www.modernghana.com/news/</a>...) </div>
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There has been existence in Africa before the white man came
to Africa and there is no existence without
history. For example during the period that the white man had not come to
Africa, Africa was organized into political,
cultural, social and economic institutions. Earlier in the pro-colonial Africa,
that is before the European came to Africa, Africa
had its own political organization which deals with who should have authority.
There were two (2) types of states systems in Africa
namely the centralized and non-centralized. In the non-centralized system which
is also called ACEPHALOUS authority or power and rights were given to elders,
priests and age grade systems. The centralized system has one person in whose
hands power was vested. It was the powerful kings and high-ranking chiefs like
the rulers of Asante or Oyo (Yuroba)
in West Africa. So with this one, there is a
figure had who has the power to rule. It is evident that there were people in
Africa and this happened in Africa before the Europeans came to Africa to stop Africa’s development.</div>
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Again, long before the white man came to Africa;
Africans were organized into small family units, grouped into several units
called clans. The clans were organized by a name, label and can be sued and
they had characteristics like head of clan, council of elders, name and
appellation, owned properties, only to mention a few things here. All these go
a long way to give evidence that there was existence in Africa and so I do not
agree with Trevor-Roper when he says Africa
does not have history.</div>
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Some would argue, of course that Trevor-Roper and others are
looking at written documents to show history but is that the only thing which
can store history? Several million years ago before the Europeans came to Africa, the African continent was occupied by Black
Africans and this is evident in Archaeology, Ancient Record, Musicology, Rock
arts, Monuments, Numismatics, Oral history, and so on. For example Archaeology
which is the scientific study of earlier civilization and past human cultures,
gives evidence that there has been existence on the African continent
especially when people excavated parts of Africa and discovered relics. It has
been discovered that far from having no history, it is likely that human
history actually began in Africa. The oldest
evidence of human existence and that of our immediate ancestors has been found
in Africa. In July 2002 further evidence of
the existence of early hominids in Africa was found with the discovery of the
fossilised remains of what has been called <i>Sahelanthropus tchadensis</i>,
thought to be between 6-7 million years old, in Chad. The latest scientific
research points to the fact that all human beings are likely to have African
ancestors. This tells us that there was life in Africa even before the white
man came to Africa and that is history. </div>
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Another example is ancient records and documents. Documents
like Tarik Al Fatash, Ibn Bahata and other Arabic scholars and record keepers
deposited in Cairo Universities are all evidence that point to the fact that
people had occupied Africa long ago. There are
documents which are secretly stored in Libya universities which suggest
that there were Trans-Sahara Trade by the early Africans and Arabs is evidence
that there was life by black Africans on the African continent. Musicology
which is the scholarly study of music also gives evidence of existence in Africa before the European came. This is because the
music genre in Africa can be traced to ancient
mediums. The genre of music the Africa has tells us that people lived in Africa. Some of which are played at festivals. Again,
Africans showed their love for art through rock arts by people who lived long
ago. They did not use papers but did art on rocks. The rock paintings in the Basuti Land
in South Africa
and Tassili are evidences. We can also mention the rock art is Egypt
when they used pictures on the wall to tell stories, their imaginations and
dreams. All these and many other things space will not allow me to mention are
evidences that there were people in Africa before the Europeans came to Africa. Africa had a
history and still has history.</div>
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Dendrochronology or tree ring dating is the scientific
method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree-rings. It can date
the time at which tree rings were formed and even used to look at how old a
society is. Is Trevor- Roper telling us that, those big Nim trees and other
huge trees around are less than 50years? I do not think so. Africa
has a history and it did not start with the Europeans. According to Dr.
Phillippe Denis of the University
of Natal, oral history is
based on hearsay or eye witness accounts about events and situations. “Oral history is as old as history itself. It
was the first kind of history” (Thompson, 1988, p.23). The African had used
oral history as its history so again I do not agree with Trevor-Roper. “Africa had its own history, it had its own cultures, its
had its own nations.” (Basil Davidson as cited in Unscrambling Africa by
Geoffrey Wheatcraft). Davidson once wrote that in the 13<sup>th</sup> century,
“The scholarship of Timbuktu and Djenne could
probably have given points to that of Oxford and
Cambridge.</div>
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It is not true that Africa
has no history. It is evident from the above discussions that Africa
has a history which did not start with the Europeans. Africans and the African
continent have made enormous contributions to human history just as other
peoples and continents have. It is the development of Eurocentric and racist views
in Europe that have denied this fact and sought to negate the history of Africa and its peoples.</div>
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DESMOND LAMPTEY</div>
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GHANA INSTITUTE OF JOURNALISM & RADIO XYZ 93.1FM </div>
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<b><u>SOURCES</u></b></div>
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Appiah, K. A., (1998) <i>The
Hidden History: The New York
Review of Books.</i> Retrieved May 10, 2012 from <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles.archives,1998/dec/17/africa-the-hidden-history/?pigination=false">http://www.nybooks.com/articles.archives,1998/dec/17/africa-the-hidden-history/?pigination=false</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Coventry,
L. and Nixon, M. (Eds.)(1999). <i>Oxford</i><i> English Dictionary</i>. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
David, D. (2010). <i>There
is no African History, The Toynbee Convertor</i>. Retrieved May 20, 2012 from
http://davidderrick.wordpress.com/2010/06/09/there-is-no-african-his...</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Encyclopedia (2003).<i> A
History of Africa: The Original Africans</i>.
Retrieved May 16, 2012 from http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/africa/af01.html</div>
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<br /></div>
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Fuglestad, F. (2005). <i>The
Ambiguities of History: The Problem of Ethnocentrism in Historical Writing</i>.
(8). Madison: University of Wisconsin.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fuglestad, F. (1992). <i>The
Trevor-Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History. An Essay: JUSTOR: History in Africa</i> (vol. 19) pp. 309-326 retrieved May 19, 2012
from <a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3172003?uid=3738072&nid">http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3172003?uid=3738072&nid</a>=...</div>
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<br /></div>
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Hegel, G. W. F., (1956). <i>The
Philosophy of History</i>, trans. J. Jibree. New York:
Dover</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www/spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Histrevo.htm">http://www/spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Histrevo.htm</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ki-Zerbo, J. (Ed).(1995). <i>General History of Africa (Vol. 1):
Methodology and African Prehistory</i>. California:
University of California Press</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mazrui, A. A. and Wondji, C. (Ed.)(1993). <i>General History of Africa
</i>(8). California: University of California
Press.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Procter, P. (Ed.)(1894). <i>Cambridge</i><i> International Dictionary of English.</i></div>
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Phillipe, D. (1992). <i>The
Use of Oral Sources of African
Church History</i>.
Retrieved May 15, 2012 from <a href="http://www.shc.edu.theolibrary/resources/oralsource.htm">http://www.shc.edu.theolibrary/resources/oralsource.htm</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>The Man WhoRrescued
AfricanHhistory</i>. Retrieved may 5, 2012 from <a href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/185804/1/the-man-who-rescued-african-history.html">http://www.modernghana.com/news/185804/1/the-man-who-rescued-african-history.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thompson, Paul, <i>The
voice of the Past. Oral History</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition Oxford
and New York:
Oxford University Press, 1988</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Trevor-Roper, H. (1964). <i>Rise
of Christian Europe</i>, London: Thames and Hudson</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Walter, R. (1973). <i>How
Europe Underdeveloped Africa</i>. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture
Publication. Retrieved May 16, 2012 from
http://www.opuslibros.org/index_libros/Recensiones_1/rodney_euro.htm</div>
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</div>
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Walter, R. (1973). <i>How
Europe Underdeveloped Africa</i>. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture
Publication.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Wheatcraft, G. (1992). <i>Unscrambling
Africa</i>. Retrieved May 15, 2012 from <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/17/books/unscrambling-africa.html">http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/17/books/unscrambling-africa.html</a>?...
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Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-13677479029355403062011-10-06T08:15:00.000-07:002011-10-06T08:34:47.280-07:00ROAD ACCIDENT, KILLING US MORE THAN HIV/AIDS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> 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" alt="" /><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >It’s a beautiful Tuesday morning and I had a wonderful sleep waking up at the right side of my soft bed. I woke up feeling hale and hearty and I said to myself, ‘Lord I hope this day is good,’ remembering that great country track by Don Williams, The Gentle Giant of Country Music. Talking about music, I love music so much so that I always sleep with music. I sleep with my radio on and when I hear a song I know I wake up sing along and go back to sleep. Strange! You can say that again.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >After swimming in my bed for some time, I decided to finally tune my radio to one of the sister radio stations in Accra. The morning sports was on and after that, it was time for the business news at 7. Do you have a clue of that station? Well, let me go on. After the business news, there were some commercials and the morning show anchor man started playing music. Just when I was dipping myself in the music to ‘soak’ it, the anchor man came in with the back announcement of the business news and acknowledgement of the sponsors.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >After all that, Bernard Avle, who is the host and anchor man of the show started with his concerns. I tell you, this guy is so so critical and analytical. I don’t like missing that thought-provoking show with him even though I work for another radio station. Ssssshhhhhhh, don’t tell anybody. Bernard started talking passionately about road accidents and the indiscipline nature of the drivers and Ghanaians in general. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >This morning in the news, there was a report of a fatal accident which has claimed more than fifteen (15) lives. In less than 7 days, 2 fatal accidents have been reported in the news. Just some few days ago, we heard of an accident on the Kumasi road which claimed more than 24 lives. There have been several horrifying news in the media in recent times and one can only ask, WHY? What is happening? It is this which has pushed me to write about accidents this morning.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Let us first ask ourselves what an accident is.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >According Wikipedia, an <b>accident</b> or <b>mishap</b> is a specific, unpredictable, unusual and unintended external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects. It implies a generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attendant_circumstance" title="Attendant circumstance"><span style="color:windowtext;">circumstances</span></a> leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Dictionary.reference.com</i> refers to an accident as </span><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >an undesirable or unfortunate happening that occurs unintentionally and usually results in harm, injury, damage, or loss; casualty; mishap: automobile accidents. </span></p> <p style="line-height:115%"><span style="Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";" >Experts in the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention"><span style="color:windowtext;">injury prevention</span></a> avoid use of the term 'accident' to describe events that cause injury in an attempt to highlight the predictable and preventable nature of most injuries. Such incidents are viewed from the perspective of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology"><span style="color:windowtext;">epidemiology</span></a> - predictable and preventable. Preferred words are more descriptive of the event itself, rather than of its unintended nature (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision" title="Collision"><span style="color:windowtext;">collision</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning"><span style="color:windowtext;">drowning</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_%28accident%29" title="Falling (accident)"><span style="color:windowtext;">fall</span></a>, etc.)</span></p> <p style="line-height:115%"><span style="Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";" >Accidents of particularly common types (crashing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_accident" title="Automobile accident"><span style="color:windowtext;">automobiles</span></a>, events causing fire, etc.) are investigated to identify how to avoid them in the future. This is sometimes called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis"><span style="color:windowtext;">root cause analysis</span></a>, but does not generally apply to accidents that cannot be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism"><span style="color:windowtext;">deterministically</span></a> predicted. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause" title="Root cause"><span style="color:windowtext;">root cause</span></a> of an uncommon and purely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random" title="Random"><span style="color:windowtext;">random</span></a> accident may never be identified, and thus future similar accidents remain "accidental."</span></p> <p style="line-height:115%"><span style="Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";" >On the 13th of January ghanaweb carried a heart-twisting headline news, titled ‘30 People Died in Road Accidents in Less Than a Month’. It was short but a classic headline arresting news, which pulled my attention on my daily browsing of the site. The piece did not reveal much other than the general statistics of road fatalities. Besides, it is a recurring headline that every now and then steals our attention and causes our bleeding hearts to drip more blood for the departed souls, the maimed and their love ones. At a first glance you might think that people are born and people die and it’s all part of life. But on a second thought the realisation hits home that the victims have got love ones and not only that but dependants, maybe, in their formative years. It’s one thing to live in Ghana with both parents and another living with a single parent and worse without any. What actually prompted me to put these words together was the sort of comments it attracted from the various readers.</span></p> <p style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Batang;" >Of recent, Ghana has been experiencing an increasing spate of road traffic accidents.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>These accidents have claimed several lives, both children and adults, maimed numerous victims and have severe effects on the welfare of families.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is against this background that I want to do this.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Road transport caters for 96 per cent of national freight tonnage and 97 per cent of passenger traffic. In 2001, the country was rated the second highest road traffic accident-prone among six West African countries with 73 deaths per 10,000 accidents. From January to March this year, Accra alone recorded 1,417 motor accidents involving 2,125 vehicles. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >According to the Motor Traffic and Transport Unit (MTTU) of the police during this period, there were 78 fatalities, 373 serious injury cases and 966 minor cases in which vehicles ran into other vehicles. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >For those who doubt the statistics, the reality is that Ghanaians are now seeing the havoc that road indiscipline has been causing more than they ever thought, as distorted vehicles and bodies continue to be dangled before them in the media. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >The Director-General of the Ghana Health Services, Professor could not have put it more concisely when he declared that the most "deadly disease", at the moment is motor accidents. It even kills more than HIV/AIDS</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >President, John Kufuor during his leadership, encountered at least three very serious accidents involving his convoys with about six security personnel dying as a result. Two Members of Parliament belonging to Kufuor's party died owing to accidents and the Vice-President's convoy was also involved in an accident in which a teenager died. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >But like many issues, it has taken these high profile cases to highlight the indiscipline on the Ghanaian roads. The number of vehicles on the roads has greatly increased in recent years owing largely to the government's liberalised policy of ensuring the availability of vehicles. Unfortunately, road maintenance, driver education, vehicle upkeep and traffic enforcement have not grown accordingly. The result - the roads have become deathtraps. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >In most places, drivers seemingly fail to adhere to road signs. Even where they are apprehended for road offences, some are able to bribe their way by seeking the assistance of corrupt police motor traffic officers who by and large, have been partly to blame for the growth in road accidents. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >The driving standard of many drivers has also been recognised to be very poor, leading to a severe impact on the traffic accident problem. A general low educational level of the driver population in combination with low economy and lack of widespread formalised driver education have been contributing factors to the problem. The newly established DVLA (Driver Vehicle and Licensing Authority) has put the problem into focus and is seeking assistance to improve conditions. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >It is, however, common knowledge that some people even get their licenses through dubious means, a situation that has led to wrong people acquiring licenses for which they are not qualified to hold. Over the years, the Ghana Association of Driving Schools has enlivened this debate, suggesting that only through licensing could drivers be able to hold on their own. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >But what is suprising is the seemingly disregard for even presidential convoys. The list of road accidents involving presidential convoys seems baffling enough. Some time ago, Ex President Kufuor narrowly escaped death when a taxicab crossed his convoy. One person died on the spot, while three others later at the hospital. Later, a student was killed when he was knocked off his bicycle in an accident involving the Vice President's convoy. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Again, the presidential convoy was involved in another accident in which two of the presidential security guards died. The accident occurred when the President's convoy was on its way to Accra after an official assignment in the Volta Region. Prior to that, two security men attached to the president had been killed when they were thrown out of their vehicle after it hit a big pothole during another official engagement. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >In January, in that year, a drunken driver was arrested when he drove and blocked the presidential convoy. The driver ignored the sound of the siren to stop and drove on instead. In the process, the driver nearly knocked down one of the presidential dispatch riders with his Mercedes Benz bus. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Such reckless driving has led to the untimely death of some presidential dispatch outriders in the past two years. The latest victim was crushed to death by a pick-up in Accra, while ahead of the presidential convoy. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >But the indiscipline has not been limited to the present period. It is recalled that ex- President Jerry Rawlings, also had a scare during his tenure of office when a mini bus drove into his convoy from an unauthorized entry. Four of his bodyguards died on the spot. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >But the recent accidents have stirred up arguments in many social circles. The MTTU is threatening to be hard on recalcitrant drivers. But how far it could on this is another matter. It has inadequate equipment and is constrained logistically to check road offences. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >From another perspective, it seems Ghana has not been prepared to accommodate the very rapid increase of traffic. Lack of experience and aggregated skills and knowledge has set back the concerted action to deal with the traffic safety problems. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Ghana's public transport, for instance, is in a mess, private commercial operators now fill the gap whose desire for profits knows no boundary. Drivers compete strenuously to pick up passengers. Some do not even rest at all, since the number of rounds they make in a day is a strong determinant of the money they can make. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >People are now touting for the enforcement of traffic regulations to the letter. I think district assemblies should establish motor courts to handle traffic offences. This has become necessary because traffic offences are being delayed at the traditional courts. Such courts could fast track cases and ensure drivers are dealt with promptly and in accordance with the law. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Perhaps when we reach the point where individuals are valued and life is respected, then behaviour and habits will change for the better. I believe one way to curb the problem is to take tough measures to evolve harsh laws relating to those violating the rules. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >Another way is for passengers themselves to take their safety in their own hands and refuse to travel in speeding buses or on over-crowded boats.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >For now, the government seems to be listening to the views being expressed by the people, not merely because people are talking about road accidents but for the fact that it has experienced enough to know how it feels like.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=" line-height: 115%; Verdana","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >I leave it here. . .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=" line-height: 115%; Verdana","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >DESMOND LAMPTEY</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=" line-height: 115%; Verdana","sans-serif";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >UNIIQ 95.7FM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;Verdana","sans-serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;" >GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION(GBC)<br /></span></p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-92215895460444650072011-09-14T10:04:00.001-07:002011-09-14T10:17:42.226-07:00HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS IN MARRIAGE<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsOO_maZ1kyacjzy8-j56zxZaY5ZVn9zVNEZpzTEnLWb98K7TFKi2ysmC-FGN7sDgWZGsw8SHOKov-xSxIHQ4dhwx7TV6waR7pR4zsZf3fs5qneolzho4YQVxSEW9HaJ1TTPYbsg47jTf/s1600/images.jpeg"><img 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locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">INTRODUCTION</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">“He who finds a wife finds a good thing”, but does that actually reflect in our marriages today? Marriage is an institution from the Almighty God and it is supposed to be exciting, loving, understanding and above all pleasurable. Just after saying I do in front of the priest, loved ones, and relations at the altar, it looks so beautiful and life seems like paradise without considering whether the proposal came from the man or the woman. Since it is a human institution which involves two different people from different backgrounds, disagreement may set in. As this natural, the very best of marriages have conflicts and disagreements. In 1996, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly(A.M.A.) recorded six hundred and thirty three ( 633 ) dissolved customary marriages out of a thousand even hundred and fourteen <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(1,714 ) marriages registered. It is against this backdrop that I want to highlight on ways to deal with conflicts in marriages.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>But before we take a look at how to solve some of these problems, let us first dive into what marriage is as an institution. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia define marriage as that life long and exclusive state in which a man and a woman is wholly committed to live with each other in<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>sexual relationship under conditions normally approved and witnessed to by their social group society.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage is not the joining of two worlds but an abandoning of two worlds in other that a new one might be formed. Marriage is the closest bond between two people.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">In the contemporary cycle, the Oxford Dictionary of the Advance Learners’ English defines marriage as a state in which a man and a woman are formally united for <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the purpose of living together (usually in other to procreate children) and with certain legal rights towards each other. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">John Hagee in his book What Every Man Want From A Woman says that: ‘Marriage is a covenant, which means it is the death of two wills and the birth of one.’ Marriage is the art of two incompatible people learning to live compatible life. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage exposes and reveal who we really are, because when two different characters meet, then there is friction in the intersection of the union.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">In business, partners seals their relationship with a contract agreement, enforce by law. In marriage two people enter into covenant with God being the witness.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">It is one of God’s greatest schools of learning- it can be a place where the husband and the wife are refined.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Marriage is the pledge of mutual fidelity. It is a partnership of total subordination. A Christian marriage is similar to a solvent, a freeing up of a man and woman to be themselves and become married is the refining process that God will use to have us develop into a man or woman He wants us to become.</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifte50dhhM71ImtZOr_W7_cLK4MExMp6q1PLNiLvCNr6J-8ZzEDMAx6Ano6MYh4qwMD-jdO_-pOOFzYZKA3GI3fx2OJgwk5evgnrglTpE0emQdvdgVb_SPmMovLsIrSMflZOipMifUjSS0/s1600/images.jpeg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 193px; height: 194px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifte50dhhM71ImtZOr_W7_cLK4MExMp6q1PLNiLvCNr6J-8ZzEDMAx6Ano6MYh4qwMD-jdO_-pOOFzYZKA3GI3fx2OJgwk5evgnrglTpE0emQdvdgVb_SPmMovLsIrSMflZOipMifUjSS0/s320/images.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5652264857152117810" border="0" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>CONFLICTS IN MARRIAGES</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Conflict came from the Latin word “Confligere” which means strike together. When two or more thoughts, perception, attitude and behaviour strike each other, for example, then there is a conflict. Such conflicts can be experienced through intrapersonal or interpersonal. Conflict is intrapersonal when an individual expresses real or imagined compatibility among needs, goals, or roles. Conflict becomes interpersonal when there is perceived divergence of interest among individuals, group or organization. Interpersonal or social conflicts have been defined in the following manner.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">According to Morton Deutsch, Conflicts are power struggles over differences: differing information or beliefs, differing interests, desires, or values. There are also struggles over differing abilities to secure needed resources.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">In his book, Conflict Management, Jay Hall define conflict as “essentially the circumstance- both emotional and substantive conflicts which can be brought about by the difference between parties which, for whatever reasons, forced contact with one another.” There are two type of conflict. These are constructive conflict and destructive conflict.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">When there is a misunderstanding between a married couple and they are able to resolve it, then the conflict is constructive conflict. This kind of conflict does not destroy but help to deepen the relationship.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">The other type of conflict is called the destructive conflict. This kind of conflict destroys relationships. When a husband and the wife has a disagreement they fail to resolve it but rather end up in divorce, then that conflict is destructive. There are many reasons why married couples have conflicts. Time and space will not permit me to cover all that but I will talk bout some conflicts in marriages.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">A newly wedded couple was going through difficulty trying to reach a decision regarding the purchase of an item. All the effort of the man to convince the wife to agree to his proposal failed. The next Sunday the husband went to see the pastor in their church. This was the conversation between the man and the pastor.” You don’t look cheerful today Mr. Johnson” the pastor said.” Pastor I think I didn’t pray enough to God before I married Selina” says Mr. Johnson. The pastor then asked ‘Why are you making such a statement after the prayer warriors spent quality time with you and your wife in prayer?’ Mr. Johnson now told the pastor that, since they got married, they have never reached a decision concerning any issue without quarrels. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Nevertheless, conflict in marriages is not a sin. The presence of a problems, tension and argument does not necessarily mean trouble for a marriage.I want to state that, if there is a married couple without conflict it means they are not communicating.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Listed below are the monthly and yearly summary of marriage and dissolution from the year 1990 to 1998 and from 2000to the end of August 2007 s recorded in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly’s Register Of Marriages:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1990</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage <span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1538</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>804</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1991</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2126</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>972</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1992</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1450</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>860</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1993</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2100</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1320</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1994</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1120</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>876</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1995</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2764</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>853</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1996</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2419 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>639</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1997</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2576</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>613</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1998</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>3189</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1999</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2000</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2433</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>521</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2001<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2,182</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>751</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2002</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2,311</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>342</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2003</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2,669</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>399</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2004<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2,669</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>392</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2005</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>2,199</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>484</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2006</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>1,714</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>633</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">2007</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Total Marriage<span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>1035</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Total Dissolution<span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>425</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Before we take a look at ways to deal with and resolve conflicts in marriages, let us look at a few examples of some recent media reports that degenerate into bloody conflict.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">On the 16<sup>th</sup> of August, it was reported in the ‘Ghanaian Times’ that Saul Kofi Campbell also known as Kofi Carpenter, a coffin maker, went to the house of his girlfriend, Sabina Amoh, 32, who decided to end their two year relationship and woke her from her sleep under the pretext of discussing and important issue with her. Sabina, a seamstress, was found dead in a pool blood at a refuse dump</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">On August 29<sup>th</sup>, ‘The Daily Graphic’ also reported of a marital quarrel between a woman and her husband. The woman Ekua Tawiah set herself and her family ablaze, killing the husband and their seven year old son.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">On Saturday, August 30, 2008, ‘The Ghanaian Times’ published that a man had allegedly killed his wife because he was suspicious of the calls she has been getting on her mobil phone. Kofi Mensah a palm wine tapper allegedly cut the throat of his wife, Janet Adu, 35, with a cutlass on their farmland and then hanged himself. This tragic incident happened at Praso, near Tanodumasi in the Atwima-Mponua District of the Ashanti Region. The District Police Commander told the Times that, the couple had been married for seven years. He also said they had been having misunderstandings following Mensah’s suspicion that Janet, his wife had been having extra-marital affairs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Not too long go we heard the shocking news of the break up of Bishop Duncan Williams with hi wife he has been married to for many years. There was news again about his proposed marriage to a wealthy African –American. I am sure if Bishop had managed whatever conflict was there well, he would have prevented this disgrace. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;tab-stops:75.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;tab-stops:75.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>We also read about Esther Smith, a renowned gospel musician and her husband Rev. Ahinkan Bonsu. Esther Smith, we were told accused the husband of casting a spell on her and having an affair with their maid. The husband, Rev. Ahinkan also accused the wife, Esther of flirting with one, Fiifi at Tema habour before and after their marriage. The story went on to tell us that Esther told her husband that he is not the father of their first two children. Now their marriage is over.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;tab-stops:.5in 1.0in 1.5in 393.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">One can go enumerating horrific examples of conflicts in marriages and other relationships that have ended up in the police station or in the law court. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">A marriage counselor, Rev. Dei Awuku, said two issue need to be considered when discussing conflicts in marriage. He said there are some husbands who for years stomach a whole lot of problems they encounter in their marriage, because they think their peer will tease them when they talk about their marital problems with them. When they can no longer contain the situation, there is an explosion. He stressed the need to make counseling service available to “would be” as well as married couples, who are both in religious marriages and under customary marriages to enhance understanding and peaceful resolution of conflict in marriages.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Mr. Gifty Afenyi Dadzie, the National Prayer Director of the Women Aglow International, said, the rampant conflict in some marriages indicate that “the agape love as mentioned in the Bible is missing in relationships”. She said most of us keep records of the wrongs in our relationships and we don’t forgive one another. She advised partners to use dialogue when there are problems.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">“Youth, family Adults” an on line journal has some tips on dealing with the situation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>About Money</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">It advice spouse to discuss their value and feeling about money so that each partner can understand the other, to work out a budget and set priorities and goals for the future </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>About In-laws</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">It points out that in-laws are problematic in early years and can trigger conflicts within the entire family. It advises spouse to deal with in-law problems by sharing their feeling and discussing what kind of relationship they what want with their in-laws.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>About sex</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">It states that this is an emotional issue and most spouse are afraid to be hurt or rejected by their partners so they avoid discussing their feelings about sexual issues. It advices that couple should resolve conflicts about sexual matters by communicating directly, specifically and loving about their needs.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Another online journal, “The Marriage Garden” also listed ways to deal with conflicts in marriage as follows:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u>Learn to live with things that cannot change</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">You may wish your partner was different in many ways. Some of those things simply cannot change. Learn to accept that. Be glad that your partner can bring qualities that you do not have.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>Do not dwell on your complaints</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Sometime we feel irritated about things in our relationships, we list our complaints and get angry about them. By the time we bring out the problem we my have killed ourselves into being mad. Rather than big complaints, we can make request along the way.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>Rather than argue bout details, find common ground</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">In any disagreement it is easy to get stuck arguing about who did what and why. Don’t waste time dealing with such issues. Instead, focus on ways you can help each other.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>Hold regular couple councils </u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Few couples regularly talks about relationship concerns, most of time, what begins as a small issue becomes larger problems that threaten to destroy relationships. Couple can use council to nip problems in the bud.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Plan a specific time and place each week when you and your spouse can talk alone together for at least 30 – 60minutes without distraction or interruptions. Use the meeting to take stock of how the relationship is going and to discuss problems.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">When people feel attacked and angry, they do not think as clearly as when they are calm. We can do things to help ourselves and our partners feel calmer. We can start discussion without attacks: “I would like your idea on n issue”. We can look for solutions rather than accusation: “Do you think it would help if...?” If we are feeling too frustrated, we may need to reschedule our discussions. “I need some time think about what you re saying. Could we talk about this tomorrow?” </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Couple should agree to limit criticism; they must make sure criticism remain a small aspect of their marriage and never a central part. When there is problem instead of criticizing your partner, limit it and criticism should come constructively.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Agree to attach problems and not each other. A huge part of healthy communication involves never doing or saying anything that might injure the other. No hitting below the belt. Your marriage must be a safe place where you never experience harm. While you won’t always agree you must always treat each other with respect. This must be a basic premise of every interaction. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Develop skills that enhance positively into your marriage. You must always remember how and why you fall in love with your mate. Set aside time to have fun, laugh and experience joy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">It is a fact that simple skills when practiced regularly can help to stabilize your marriage. Share whatever you like and appreciate about your partner. Learn to share all your hopes and dreams. Discuss any change in plans and situations.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">Never let a misunderstanding turn into an argument. Clear up the air as soon as possible. If there is something you don’t like be open and tell your partner how you want it done instead of criticizing.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">CONCLUSION</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Even marriages that seem unhappy often become very satisfying over time if both partners prevent anger from taking over. 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mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:14.0pt;" >DESMOND LAMPTEY<br />UNIIQ 95.7FM<br />GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION<br />(GBC)<br /><br /><br /><br /></span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>REFERENCES</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">1) Making Your Marriage Enjoyable: A Biblical And Contemporary Perspective</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Bright Michael Adofoh</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Print Publication</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">2) The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(Nashville: Word Publishing International,1986, Page 26</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>3) Seven Secrets to Sanity for Stressed Women</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Van Pelt, Nancy L. Get Organised</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Revier and Herald Publishers Association 1998</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">4) The Nature of Conflict and Conflict Resolution</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>S. Worebel and S.Lundgren</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">5) In Community Mediation: A handbook for Practitioners and Researchers</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>K.G. Duffy, J.W Grosch and P.V. Olczak.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">6) Conflict: Productive and Destructive</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Morton Deutsch.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">7) Conflict Management Survey</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Jay Hall</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">8) Wives wish Their Husbands Knew About Women </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>James Dobson</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Wheaton III Tydale Press, Page 133.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%">9) What Every Man Want From A Woman</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>John Hagee</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Dallas Word Publishing, Page 54.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%">10) The Ghanaian Times</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%">11) The Daily Graphic</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.arfamilies.org/family-life">www.arfamilies.org/family-life</a>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.marriagemissions.com/before-conflict-ariases">www.marriagemissions.com/before-conflict-ariases</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.marriage.about.com/conflictandanger">www.marriage.about.com/conflictandanger</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.foreverfamilies.net/">www.foreverfamilies.net</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.utahmarriage.org/html/suggestions">www.utahmarriage.org/html/suggestions</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.ezinearticles.com/">www.ezinearticles.com</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><a href="http://www.crosswalk.com/">www.crosswalk.com</a></p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-6861125771331139942011-09-14T09:32:00.000-07:002011-09-14T09:49:23.426-07:00THE IMPORTANCE OF ONE 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mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Public Relations (P.R.) has many definitions because it is a social science subject. The social science gives you the liberty to use your choice of words but the perception does not change .That is to say that we can use our own words that will be directed to one main fact.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Scot M. Cutlip and Allen H. Centre in the fifth edition of their book, Effective Public Relation defines P.R as “planned effort to influence opinion through good character and responsible performance based on mutually satisfactory two-way communication.” Again the British Institute of Public Relations defined P.R practice as “the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">goodwill</b> and mutual understanding between an organisation and it publics. Public Relations are about reputation - the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Public relation has a couple of aims but the ultimate aim of P.R is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">goodwill</b>, which is that situation of total confidence in the organization. The goodwill will help the organization to win trust and confidence from its publics so that they will want to be part of the organization and to do business with them. The goodwill can only be achieved when the other basic aims have been applied effectively. The aim that I want to talk about is<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">: to encourage a two way communication process </b>because P.R is a two way affair<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">. </b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Once PR talks about an organization and its public both internally and externally, it means there are two parties. When two parties exist one important thing we can talk about is communication and feedback.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this era of competition, the organization should communicate with its publics to get to know them and their needs. You can only know what your publics want by communicating with them and getting feedback from them.. This is the two way communication process, it is very important because it will make your publics know that you care about them and their needs. When they feel secured and special, it will make them stay with you and not to look else where for their needs. For example if I do business with Unique Trust<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Financial Services and they let me know what is going on in the organization as well<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>communicate with me to know my needs then provide them to me, I do not think I will leave them. I will be satisfied, feel special and they will have my respect and trust .I will have confident in them and even tell others about it. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If the two way communication is encouraged, it brings mutual understanding because there is interaction between the two parties involved .The publics on which the success or failure of the organisation depends get the attention of the organization. Here failure becomes difficult because the organization listen to the needs of its publics and acts accordingly. This will go a long way to bring a mutual understanding between the organization and it publics.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In conclusion, if a two way communication process is encouraged and done effectively, it will ultimately, together with the other basic aims help to promote the positive and favorable image which leads to goodwill of the organization for people to have total trust and confidence and accept it.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BY:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DESMOND LAMPTEY</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UNIIQ 95.7FM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GBC<br /></span></p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-12241981036923860592011-09-14T09:04:00.000-07:002011-09-14T09:09:29.040-07:00A ONE PAGE REPORT ON THE IMPORTANCE OF PRE-TESTING EVALUATION IN PUBLIC RELATIONS (P.R)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">According to Denny Grisworld “Public Relations is the management function, which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual or an organization with the public interest and executes a programme of action to earn understanding and acceptance”.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">P.R deals with the publics (internal and external) by implementing a planned programme and counseling the management on what the publics says about an organization. One cannot do all these without evaluation. P.R is a counseling profession and that is done by guiding management. Evaluation will help one to guide the management because it provides the necessary objective for future policy planning.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Evaluation is the means of an objective overall performance analysis. According to Noble (1994) in his paper “Towards an inclusive evaluation methodology” pp.14 23, evaluation is a proactive forward-looking activity and also reviewing backward looking one. It is researching into how you performed and not to prove anything, as to who is right or wrong. Evaluation helps us to learn by finding out things and advancing. There two (2) forms of evaluation. They are pre-testing evaluation and post-testing evaluation. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Pre-testing evaluation</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""> comes before the implementation of a P.R. programme and it is used to try out communication materials developed for a particular public on a pilot (small) group. It is done immediately before the programme itself and it is to avoid falling into the pit of not being understood. Now let us look at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">importance of pre-testing</b>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">First, it is for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">clarity</b>. Pre-testing helps to avoid confused messages, instructions and so on. The message must be clear and simple so that it is understood by its pubic. In sending message, there should be no noise so that people can understand and respond accordingly. If the clarity is not there, people might misinterpret your message and it will not have the impact you want.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The pre-testing level is to find out whether people will understand the massage or not. If clarity is there, then we can implement the programme.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Secondly, pre-testing helps to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">save money</b>. In planning, you have to budget for the pre-testing activity so that the money you will use at this level is different from the actual work. Maybe in designing your communication materials, you have printed 1000 posters and you found out that there is a mistake, you have to take it back and print all the 1000 again and you will loose lots of money. If it is done on small scale, you will see the mistakes. For example, you have to print 50 copies but you do it in batches of 10s. Here you will save money because if you print the first 10 and there is a mistake, it will affect that 10 and you can correct it rather than doing all the 50 and going back to do new ones. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It will also help to change the massage if it was not understood in the first batch. The next batch you will improve on it so that by the time you get to the last batch, you would have improved on it for the message to be understood.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Finally, it helps the P R person to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">save time</b>. Every research has a time frame. If there is mistake and you have to go back and do some corrections, it will waste time. But if the PR person does his pre-testing evaluation for everything to be one well and work within the time frame, you will save time.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">BY:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">DESMOND LAMPTEY<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-11745123674582558482011-09-14T08:47:00.000-07:002011-09-14T08:59:26.163-07:00DEE JAY'S PROFILE ON DESMOND LAMPTEY IN THE NEW PUNCH NEWS PAPER IN 2009<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" 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10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;">PUNCH BIZZZZZZ</span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">With Nancy Peprah</span></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaUB8p_Ypts9TdJXgXQsFCk7NysidXphuzNMpwDP860B1i03a3oIl2Cis6tJA8rgbki8haS3LLp5a4QfbxRoWwOcJbKII_J1hXNXxb4TpW-q60Ad6xfkXYMyzEhGbYMDqNzl-zOKls8ed2/s1600/33457_1454496607178_1376197975_31082052_3426164_n.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 202px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaUB8p_Ypts9TdJXgXQsFCk7NysidXphuzNMpwDP860B1i03a3oIl2Cis6tJA8rgbki8haS3LLp5a4QfbxRoWwOcJbKII_J1hXNXxb4TpW-q60Ad6xfkXYMyzEhGbYMDqNzl-zOKls8ed2/s320/33457_1454496607178_1376197975_31082052_3426164_n.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5652243896638263826" border="0" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">DEE JAY’S PROFILE</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Name:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>Desmond Lamptey</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Showbiz Name:<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></b>Smooth Operator</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Radio Station:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Uniiq 95.7fm</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>(Ghana Broadcasting Corporation)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Date of birth:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>24<sup>th</sup> February</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Place of birth:<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></b>Osu</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Mother’s Name:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Madam Elizabeth Torto</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Father’s Name:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Coach Sampson Lamptey<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaUB8p_Ypts9TdJXgXQsFCk7NysidXphuzNMpwDP860B1i03a3oIl2Cis6tJA8rgbki8haS3LLp5a4QfbxRoWwOcJbKII_J1hXNXxb4TpW-q60Ad6xfkXYMyzEhGbYMDqNzl-zOKls8ed2/s1600/33457_1454496607178_1376197975_31082052_3426164_n.jpg"><br /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Siblings:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Gertrude Lamptey & Edwina Lamptey</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Hometown:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Osu, Accra</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Region:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Greater Accra</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Religion:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Christianity</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Marital Status:<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></b>Single</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Hobbies:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Listening to good music, writing, watching movies.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Education:</b><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>Kumasi Polytechnic</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>Koforidua Secondary Technical School</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>Osu Salem Boys’ J.S.S.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>Osu Presby Boys’Primary School</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Objectives:</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>To remind myself of my background and focus on the future</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>Others:<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">He got interested in broadcasting when he was schooling at the Koforidua Secondary Technical School. He had a small radio with which he tuned in to Joy fm to listen to programmes and learn how radio programmes were run on air. It was the Kumasi Polytechnic when he had his break to pursue his dream of being a radio presenter on the campus’ radio station. According to him, he took inspiration from Felix Vander Pallen formally of Joy fm so much that he adopted and copied his style of presentation until a colleague presenter, Kofi Eddie Ray ( now of Hello Fm in Kumasi ) advised him to be creative and be himself. After completing Kumasi Polytechnic, Desmond, though finding it difficult to get a radio station to work with, persisted and found himself<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>at Space fm in Sunyani where he played music during lunch time. He continued to Radio B.A.R. of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation in Sunyani and then moved to Radio Ghana ( GBC ) in Accra. He landed at Uniiq 95.7fm in the year 2005 and he has been there till date. The Smooth Operator who is studying Communication at the Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ) admitted that working at GBC was not an easy task but the environment , he says is conducive for learning and getting experience required to meet the international standards. He hopes to be one of the seasoned broadcasters in future and produce shows on both radio and television. Country music, Slow Jam, Love Zone are some of the programmes he presents on air. Desmond love Banku and Okro stew as well as motivating people wherever he finds himself.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><u>Message to fans: </u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Keep listening to the Smooth Operator because there are more to ideas to educate, inform, and entertain. Keep glued to your radio sets</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Nancy Peprah</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:Nancylye@yahoo.com">Nancylye@yahoo.com</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">New Punch</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Tuesday, April 9, 2009</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Page 6<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span></p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-2746778824164756892011-09-13T19:45:00.001-07:002011-09-13T19:56:04.067-07:00BENEFITS OF GARLICFor generation, people are not only using garlic because of its medicinal value, but traditionally, people have rubbed their bodies with it, buried it besides their bodies in coffin, worn it around their necks, draped it on household walls and even prayed to it. This great bulb has a lot of benefits, because no other plant has been held out for so long as a cure for so many human ailments. That's why garlic has been considered as the "Wonder Drug". Garlic has been used medicinally for many years for treating bites, tumors, ulcers, snakebite, wounds, headaches, heart diseases, <a style="POSITION: static; TEXT-DECORATION: underline !important" id="KonaLink0" class="kLink" href="http://ayurveda-foryou.com/health_articles/garlic_benefits.html#" jquery1315968801343="4">cancer</a>, pimples, measles and many more. It also prevents infections such as the common cold, cough because of its Anti-bacterial, Anti-<a style="POSITION: static; TEXT-DECORATION: underline !important" id="KonaLink1" class="kLink" href="http://ayurveda-foryou.com/health_articles/garlic_benefits.html#" jquery1315968801343="3">fungal</a> and Anti-viral property.<br />As this proverb is very common that "An apple a day, keeps the doctor away". In the same manner,"A single bulb of garlic a day, keep diseases away".<br />In general, it exhibits antioxidant activity, which is good for your skin. It also contains flavonoids, which is good for heart and body.<br />Garlic contains a range of compounds including "Allicin", which is a pungent oily liquid that gives crushed garlic cloves their characteristic smell, and has been shown to be the antibacterial agent due to its active sulphur. Raw garlic is very smelly, so in order to reduce it smell, you can simply add it to your gravy, salad dressings, to soup, yummy pizza or just garnish it before serving or have it in your own style.<br />BENEFITS OF GARLIC:<br />Garlic is just magnificent and phenomenal. I am providing few of the basics known and reliable home remedies for some specific ailments, which you could try at your home .<br />If you have cold and flu, then take small amount of garlic every day until the infection disappears. Garlic tends to reduce the frequency of colds and flu without any side effects. A suggested dose would be two or three cloves of raw or cooked garlic a day.<br />We all face horrid acne, blemishes, blackheads during our teens. If you want to reduce it, or if you just want to glow up your skin, then take two cloves of raw garlic regularly with warm water early in the morning. It works as a blood cleanser and clean your system internally. Do not eat chocolates, spicy or oily food during this treatment and rinse your face five times a day with cold water. Drinks lots of water daily to flush off toxic waste from the blood and urinate whenever you feel that your bladder is full .Else, apply a cut clove gently on the affected area only if you have no sensitivity to it.<br />If you have High Cholesterol Level, use garlic in your food. This is the better way for heart patients to reduce their cholesterol level. Modern medical science suggests one reason that garlic might reduce cholesterol , i.e. "Garlic is a proven anti-oxidant". This property might help to prevent LDL (Low Density Lipo Protein) from being oxidized. In this way the cholesterol build-up that clogs the arteries could perhaps be reduced by garlic.<br />If you are very fat and want to loose weight, squeeze half lemon juice in one glass of luke warm water and drink it with two cloves of raw garlic regularly twice a day (morning and evening), for about three months. Avoid using starchy foods and fats. Do exercise regularly. You'll amazingly fell a great change in your body.<br />If you have Wrinkles, and you want to use anti ageing cream, it would be better to use 3 cloves of garlic regularly as it has a powerful antioxidant effect, which help to protect the body against damaging "Free Radicals". Remember, out skin is made up of collagen and it looses elasticity on yearly basis. Therefore, use garlic and do exercise regularly for the positive results.<br />If you have Earache, put two or three drops of warm garlic oil in the ears.<br />Take garlic to boosts the weight of babies in the womb. Thus, when they are born, they are heavier than they would have been if you hadn't taken garlic. Some babies are born too small, so garlic is a definite boon in these cases too.<br />Use two raw garlic daily to reduce the risk of cancer, due to its Anti-Carcinogenic properties. It helps prevent cancerous compounds from forming and developing into tumors. It also inhibits the growth of tumors.<br />If any insect bites you at the seaside, you just crush the garlic and apply it to the affected area to reduce pain and to remove poison.<br /><br />HOW TO TAKE GARLIC:Crush two or three small cloves of raw garlic and eat it raw or boiled, before going to sleep. You can have it with a glass of milk or with water. Please do not take more than two or three raw cloves of garlic per day as it might makes your blood thinner and might cause serious ailments.<br />Contra-indications/precautions:Do not consume more than three to four raw cloves of garlic a day.<br />Patients having heart and other problems should take medical advice before consuming it.<br />It's best to avoid garlic before any surgery because it could probably disturb Anticoagulants.<br />If you are on any medication, always check with your doctor first before taking raw garlic.<br />Asthma patients should not use it as it worsens the symptoms of Asthma.<br />If you have sensitive skin, I recommend not using physically on the affected area. Raw garlic can burn delicate skin! Do not use directly on skin if your skin is sensitive or susceptible to rashes or other skin reactions without consulting your doctor first. People who are or may be allergic to garlic or any of its sulfur compounds shouldn't try direct garlic application on skin too.<br />SIDE-EFFECTS : Although, garlic is a natural Anti-biotic but a very small number of people have been known to exhibit Hypersensitivity to garlic. Garlic allergy includes skin rash, temperature and headaches. Garlic intolerance could result in Heartburn or Flatulence.<br />POINTS TO BE NOTED:It's important to remember that the effect of garlic on cold and flu comes from Allicin and this can be obtained from crushed, raw garlic and is destroyed by over cooking.<br />Garlic cloves cooked whole have very little medicinal value.<br />Garlic with strong smell has more Sulphur in it, which is good enough for medicinal purpose.<br />FEW FACTS ABOUT GARLIC :<br />Garlic helps to boost up our Metabolism rate. Thus help us to reduce our weight easily.<br />Garlic helps reduce Atherosclerotic buildup (Plaque) within the arterial system.<br />Garlic lowers or helps to regulate Blood Sugar.<br />Garlic helps to prevent blood clots from forming, thus reducing the possibility of Strokes.<br />Garlic helps to prevent Cancer, especially of the digestive system, prevent certain tumors from growing larger and reduces the size of certain tumors.<br />Garlic helps to remove heavy metals such as lead and mercury from the body.<br />Raw garlic is a proven natural antibiotic and, while far less strong than modern antibiotics, can still kill some strains of bacteria that have become immune or resistant to modern antibiotics.<br />Garlic dramatically reduces yeast infections in body parts.<br />It helps to make our immune system stronger against cancer, ulcers, hemorrhoids etc.<br /><br />By : Munir MoosaDesmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-91901463734139797262011-09-13T19:45:00.000-07:002011-09-13T19:56:01.630-07:00BENEFITS OF GARLICFor generation, people are not only using garlic because of its medicinal value, but traditionally, people have rubbed their bodies with it, buried it besides their bodies in coffin, worn it around their necks, draped it on household walls and even prayed to it. This great bulb has a lot of benefits, because no other plant has been held out for so long as a cure for so many human ailments. That's why garlic has been considered as the "Wonder Drug". Garlic has been used medicinally for many years for treating bites, tumors, ulcers, snakebite, wounds, headaches, heart diseases, <a style="POSITION: static; TEXT-DECORATION: underline !important" id="KonaLink0" class="kLink" href="http://ayurveda-foryou.com/health_articles/garlic_benefits.html#" jquery1315968801343="4">cancer</a>, pimples, measles and many more. It also prevents infections such as the common cold, cough because of its Anti-bacterial, Anti-<a style="POSITION: static; TEXT-DECORATION: underline !important" id="KonaLink1" class="kLink" href="http://ayurveda-foryou.com/health_articles/garlic_benefits.html#" jquery1315968801343="3">fungal</a> and Anti-viral property.<br />As this proverb is very common that "An apple a day, keeps the doctor away". In the same manner,"A single bulb of garlic a day, keep diseases away".<br />In general, it exhibits antioxidant activity, which is good for your skin. It also contains flavonoids, which is good for heart and body.<br />Garlic contains a range of compounds including "Allicin", which is a pungent oily liquid that gives crushed garlic cloves their characteristic smell, and has been shown to be the antibacterial agent due to its active sulphur. Raw garlic is very smelly, so in order to reduce it smell, you can simply add it to your gravy, salad dressings, to soup, yummy pizza or just garnish it before serving or have it in your own style.<br />BENEFITS OF GARLIC:<br />Garlic is just magnificent and phenomenal. I am providing few of the basics known and reliable home remedies for some specific ailments, which you could try at your home .<br />If you have cold and flu, then take small amount of garlic every day until the infection disappears. Garlic tends to reduce the frequency of colds and flu without any side effects. A suggested dose would be two or three cloves of raw or cooked garlic a day.<br />We all face horrid acne, blemishes, blackheads during our teens. If you want to reduce it, or if you just want to glow up your skin, then take two cloves of raw garlic regularly with warm water early in the morning. It works as a blood cleanser and clean your system internally. Do not eat chocolates, spicy or oily food during this treatment and rinse your face five times a day with cold water. Drinks lots of water daily to flush off toxic waste from the blood and urinate whenever you feel that your bladder is full .Else, apply a cut clove gently on the affected area only if you have no sensitivity to it.<br />If you have High Cholesterol Level, use garlic in your food. This is the better way for heart patients to reduce their cholesterol level. Modern medical science suggests one reason that garlic might reduce cholesterol , i.e. "Garlic is a proven anti-oxidant". This property might help to prevent LDL (Low Density Lipo Protein) from being oxidized. In this way the cholesterol build-up that clogs the arteries could perhaps be reduced by garlic.<br />If you are very fat and want to loose weight, squeeze half lemon juice in one glass of luke warm water and drink it with two cloves of raw garlic regularly twice a day (morning and evening), for about three months. Avoid using starchy foods and fats. Do exercise regularly. You'll amazingly fell a great change in your body.<br />If you have Wrinkles, and you want to use anti ageing cream, it would be better to use 3 cloves of garlic regularly as it has a powerful antioxidant effect, which help to protect the body against damaging "Free Radicals". Remember, out skin is made up of collagen and it looses elasticity on yearly basis. Therefore, use garlic and do exercise regularly for the positive results.<br />If you have Earache, put two or three drops of warm garlic oil in the ears.<br />Take garlic to boosts the weight of babies in the womb. Thus, when they are born, they are heavier than they would have been if you hadn't taken garlic. Some babies are born too small, so garlic is a definite boon in these cases too.<br />Use two raw garlic daily to reduce the risk of cancer, due to its Anti-Carcinogenic properties. It helps prevent cancerous compounds from forming and developing into tumors. It also inhibits the growth of tumors.<br />If any insect bites you at the seaside, you just crush the garlic and apply it to the affected area to reduce pain and to remove poison.<br /><br />HOW TO TAKE GARLIC:Crush two or three small cloves of raw garlic and eat it raw or boiled, before going to sleep. You can have it with a glass of milk or with water. Please do not take more than two or three raw cloves of garlic per day as it might makes your blood thinner and might cause serious ailments.<br />Contra-indications/precautions:Do not consume more than three to four raw cloves of garlic a day.<br />Patients having heart and other problems should take medical advice before consuming it.<br />It's best to avoid garlic before any surgery because it could probably disturb Anticoagulants.<br />If you are on any medication, always check with your doctor first before taking raw garlic.<br />Asthma patients should not use it as it worsens the symptoms of Asthma.<br />If you have sensitive skin, I recommend not using physically on the affected area. Raw garlic can burn delicate skin! Do not use directly on skin if your skin is sensitive or susceptible to rashes or other skin reactions without consulting your doctor first. People who are or may be allergic to garlic or any of its sulfur compounds shouldn't try direct garlic application on skin too.<br />SIDE-EFFECTS : Although, garlic is a natural Anti-biotic but a very small number of people have been known to exhibit Hypersensitivity to garlic. Garlic allergy includes skin rash, temperature and headaches. Garlic intolerance could result in Heartburn or Flatulence.<br />POINTS TO BE NOTED:It's important to remember that the effect of garlic on cold and flu comes from Allicin and this can be obtained from crushed, raw garlic and is destroyed by over cooking.<br />Garlic cloves cooked whole have very little medicinal value.<br />Garlic with strong smell has more Sulphur in it, which is good enough for medicinal purpose.<br />FEW FACTS ABOUT GARLIC :<br />Garlic helps to boost up our Metabolism rate. Thus help us to reduce our weight easily.<br />Garlic helps reduce Atherosclerotic buildup (Plaque) within the arterial system.<br />Garlic lowers or helps to regulate Blood Sugar.<br />Garlic helps to prevent blood clots from forming, thus reducing the possibility of Strokes.<br />Garlic helps to prevent Cancer, especially of the digestive system, prevent certain tumors from growing larger and reduces the size of certain tumors.<br />Garlic helps to remove heavy metals such as lead and mercury from the body.<br />Raw garlic is a proven natural antibiotic and, while far less strong than modern antibiotics, can still kill some strains of bacteria that have become immune or resistant to modern antibiotics.<br />Garlic dramatically reduces yeast infections in body parts.<br />It helps to make our immune system stronger against cancer, ulcers, hemorrhoids etc.<br /><br />By : Munir MoosaDesmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-84991874316656811942011-09-06T20:39:00.000-07:002011-09-06T21:41:11.217-07:00Health Benefits of Drinking Water<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMW_9n0A3A4Rj_Pp9EIRejSk4mO0JBUwoCRyAXkKUaB2zwOaLEe9U6iTR8awKm92oofeWl0O_IL6Oqoq_H6s84J4rNTanRQPir-dJ0mleqCP9eOLFOWFkjYbSn6CQT75_WKxuVnDoUtoQb/s1600/man-drinking-water.jpg" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="171px" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5649462335054467362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMW_9n0A3A4Rj_Pp9EIRejSk4mO0JBUwoCRyAXkKUaB2zwOaLEe9U6iTR8awKm92oofeWl0O_IL6Oqoq_H6s84J4rNTanRQPir-dJ0mleqCP9eOLFOWFkjYbSn6CQT75_WKxuVnDoUtoQb/s320/man-drinking-water.jpg" style="display: block; height: 171px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" width="300px" /></a><br />
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Water, a precious gift given to us by Mother Nature. It forms a major part of our body constitution. In fact, 2/3 of our body weight is water. The very composition of our body is blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, brain is 74% water and bone is 22% water. Water is important for the very survival of human beings, as it makes sure the smooth functioning of body systems.</div>
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Lack of water in the body tends to give rise to dehydration, thereby posing hurdles for the blood to circulate. The gravity of problem increases, as it causes the brain to become less active and your body feels tired and fatigued. Water keeps the digestive system in order and flushes out the waste products from your body. Well, the reservoir encompassing the advantages of drinking water is very large, so, read further to explore other health benefits of drinking water…<br />
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Water acts as a natural remedy to head your way towards achieving beautiful rich glowing skin. Drinking water skin benefits can be attributed to the fact that water acts as a body purifier, by removing toxins and waste from your body. People who are fed up with their overweight problem, for them hot lemon water works wonders in fastening their weight loss program. It also keeps your heart healthy. So, drink lots of water throughout the day, to promote your mind body fitness.<br />
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<strong>How Much Water to Drink Per Day</strong><br />
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There is no clear-cut answer as to how much water to drink per day, because it depends upon a number of factors like your health condition, your activity status etc. On an average daily basis, we tend to lose quite a lot of water through sweating, exhaling and urinating. It is here that it becomes necessary to consume more water, so as to make up for the loss. Read further to explore information about recommended daily water intake…<br />
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It is not wise to drink water only to quench your thirst, but it should become your habit to drink water at frequent intervals throughout the day. Your food contributes about 20% to your total water intake and apart from that, it is advisable to consume about 8 ounce glasses of water every day.<br />
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Your water intake also depends on the place where you are living and the climatic conditions over there. In hot humid weather, there arises a need to consume extra quantities of water, because there is a major loss of water through sweating that puts you at a risk of getting dehydrated. In cold season or at higher altitudes, you tend to urine more often, thus leading to a greater amount of fluid loss in the body.<br />
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Health conditions also determine your water intake. In case you are suffering from health problems like fever, vomiting and diarrhea, then it leads to excessive body fluid loss. Pregnant women also need to drink more water, as they are at a higher risk of getting dehydrated. So, drink loads of water throughout the day to keep fit and healthy.<br />
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<strong>Warm Lemon Water Benefits</strong><br />
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Warm lemon water serves as the perfect good morning drink, as it aids the digestive system and makes the process of eliminating the waste products from the body easier. It prevents the problem of constipation and diarrhea from taking place, by ensuring smooth bowel functions. Read further to explore information about hot lemon water benefits…<br />
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Lemon is a vitamin C rich citrus fruit that enhances your beauty, by rejuvenating skin from within and thus bringing a glow on your face. One of the major health benefits of drinking lemon water is that it paves way for losing weight faster, thus acting as a great weight loss remedy. Lemon water flushes out body toxins and thus is extremely beneficial for the body.<br />
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Lemon, a fruit popular for its therapeutic properties, helps promote your immune system and thus, protects you from the clutches of most types of infections. It also plays the role of blood purifier. Lemon is a fabulous antiseptic bestowed on us by Mother Nature. Limewater juice works wonders for people having heart problem, owing to its high potassium content. So, make it a part of your daily routine to drink a glass of warm lemon water in the morning and then open your gateway to enjoy its health benefits.<br />
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<strong>Water Weight Loss Benefits</strong><br />
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Drinking water and weight loss are directly related to each other. Water helps to lose weight by boosting your metabolism rate, thus paving way for quick weight loss. And if you drink hot lemon water in the morning, then it will three times fasten your process of losing weight, thereby enabling you to burn large number of calories. Read further to explore information about water weight loss benefits…<br />
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Drinking plenty of water helps to minimize strong craving for food, because it works towards reducing your appetite. Talking about the fact, as to how much water one should drink, well; on an average you should drink about 8 glasses per day. But if you are on your weight loss diet program, then you should keep drinking water throughout the day. Your daily water intake should be about 1 ounce of water for every 2 pounds of body weight.<br />
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If you've incorporated physical workout in your weight loss program, then it is recommended to drink more water, so as to make up for the loss of water that takes place through sweating while performing your exercises. Drink water before, during and after your exercises, so as to keep your energy level high. If it is difficult for you to drink water, then you can consume water by eating fruits high in water content. So, drink lots of water and get ready to get a slim trim figure that you have always craved for.<br />
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Desmond Lamptey</div>
Uniiq 95.7fm<br />
Ghana Broadcasting CorporationDesmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com4Accra, Ghana5.555717 -0.1963065.4292845 -0.3576675 5.6821494999999995 -0.034944500000000017tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-25052868217432654012011-08-30T06:44:00.002-07:002011-08-30T06:54:23.664-07:00LET’S OBSERVE OUR FINAL RESTING PLACES<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Think about the most peaceful places in this world, would you say the cemetery is included? Well, your guess is as good as mine. I guess your answer will be no. For me, it is not just a mere no, but a very “BIG” and emphatic and resounding NO! Why? This is because the cemetery which is supposed to be a resting place for the dead is now an abode and dwelling places for criminals and other squatters there by not allowing the dead to rest in peace.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The cemetery is supposed to be the final resting place for us human beings after all our struggle in this place called <b style="">Mother Earth. </b>The cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. The term "cemetery" originates from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Greek</span></a> which means sleeping place. It implies that the land is specifically designated as a burying ground. Cemeteries in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Western world</span></a> are where the final ceremonies of death are observed. These ceremonies or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite" title="Rite"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">rites</span></a> differ according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">cultural</span></a> practice and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">religious</span></a> belief.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines a cemetery as an area of ground in which dead bodies are buried especially which is not next to a church. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Oxford English Dictionary</span></a> also defines a cemetery as a "burial-ground generally; now especially a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church’’. Cemetery and specifies that the term "...originally applied to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Roman</span></a> underground cemeteries or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomb" title="Catacomb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">catacombs</span></a> " Cemeteries are normally distinct from churchyards, which are typically consecrated according to one denomination and are attached directly to a single place of worship.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Prehistoric cemeteries are sometimes referred to by the term '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">grave field</span></a>'. They are one of the chief sources of information on ancient and prehistoric cultures, and numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">archaeological cultures</span></a> are defined by their burial customs, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Urnfield culture</span></a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" title="European Bronze Age"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">European Bronze Age</span></a>.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">There are a number of different styles of cemetery in use. Many cemeteries have areas based on different styles, reflecting the diversity of cultural practices around death and how it changes over time. Some of them are <span class="mw-headline">Monumental cemetery, Lawn cemetery, Natural cemeteries, Columbarium wall, and Family cemeteries.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">In many countries, cemeteries are places believed to hold both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">superstition</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">legend</span></a> character, being used, usually at night times, as an altar in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">black magic</span></a> ceremonies or similarly clandestine happenings, such as devil worshipping, grave-robbing (gold teeth and jewelry are preferred), thrilling sex encounters or drug and alcohol abuse not related to the cemetery <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_%28paranormal%29" title="Aura (paranormal)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">aura</span></a>.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">The cemetery is not a place that as an individual, I feel very comfortable to go, talk about and even write about. I won’t say that I am afraid of the cemetery but I just feel uncomfortable going there because anytime I went there, a lot of crazy things go on in my head and I am not able to eat for days. Wonders, they say will never end. Today, at this moment, at this juncture I find myself writing about the cemetery because we will all find our way there one day, may be not now (laughs).</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">I remember when we were growing up, the cemetery was one of the sacred places that people were not allowed to talk about indiscriminately. The cemetery was a very quiet, calm, silent place where everything has been arranged in an aesthetically pleasing and precise pattern. Those days, you can not even point a finger in the direction of the cemetery. When you did, you were told to bite all ten (10) fingers to show regret for doing that. This showed the respect that was given to the cemeteries in those times. People were not allowed to just go there for no reason. Today, can we say that about the cemeteries in Ghana?</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">If we have agreed that the cemetery is the final resting place for all of us knowing that one day we will be called by our creator God or Jehovah or Allah to come, will you say that the cemeteries in Ghana is a place that you would want to be placed? None of us will turn into a stone or a living crocodile. We will all die one day and we will be laid to rest in one cemetery or the other.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">As a journalist who was trained at the nation’s number one communication institute, Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ), I was taught that one has to move away from his or her emotions, fears and uncomfortability when reporting on an issue. This helps to do away with biasness. You have to be objective as a journalist in your reportage. It was against this backdrop that I went to the cemetery with some of my classmates confidently when Mr. Ebo Afful (aka Uncle Ebo) asked us to form groups and visit the cemetery and write a news story as part of out training at GIJ.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">On our arrival at the cemetery, I was embarrassed beyond bearing to see the state of the cemetery. There was a burning lump in my throat and I almost shed tears. As I turned to look at my group members, I saw a sad expression moved in their eyes as they take a look at the unkempt nature of what we call our final resting place, the cemetery.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">As you no doubt know full well, the cemeteries in Ghana have been rejected and left in a very deplorable state. At the government level, there are no provisions for maintaining the place except collecting tolls for tomb laying. Also every communal labour excludes the cemetery but we forget that it should be kept just as our physical abodes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Due to the rejection, these locations have become very bushy and full of filth. Specifically, the Osu, La and Awudome cemeteries in Accra are overflowing with weeds and these weeds have led to the breeding of some harmful animals and rodents.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Interestingly, there are no lighting systems in most of the cemeteries and they have become a haven for criminals and their various nicodemus activities. These criminals come in the form of rapists, armed robbers, grave looters, and drug peddlers.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Most of our cemeteries are also being evaded by the living instead of its core inhabitants, the dead. This is evident in the kind of things we saw there which includes cooking utensils, suitcases, clothes, mats, knives, bottles of kerosene and some live stocks to name a few, fact that no one can successfully dispute. One is likely to find young men playing football in these cemeteries and shouting. How can the dead be told to rest in perfect peace when people do all these and even shout there?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Curiosity soon got the better of me and went over to investigate. I gathered that the people sleep there and even have sex with their girlfriends there. They gather to do their drugs there and also do all kinds of bad things I can’t mention on this platform. I also gathered that in recent times, when families came to bury their dead people, the criminals and squatters around dig them up, open the coffins or caskets and steal the things used to decorate the corpse. They even steal the coffins, wreaths, rings and other things in the coffin and sell them to other families. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> This has forced families to destroy the coffins just after the service at the cemeteries before they leave their beloved one six feet below ground level. This is just too worrying and needs to be addressed and attended to. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> Have we now lost respect for the dead and their resting places? Are we going to go through the same ordeal when we or our family members die? Or may be I am being too superstitious.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> As I have mentioned already, in ancient days, our cemeteries were kept as clean, sacred and far from people as possible. However, it is not seen the same way in recent times, I am appealing to the authorities who matter, individuals and everybody to help keep our cemeteries clean and show respect to the dead and their resting places. Let us all join hands to help maintain our cemeteries. This will help keep all “disturbances” away from our final resting places and make the dead rest peacefully.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Desmond Lamptey</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Uniiq 95.7fm</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Ghana Broadcasting Corporation
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<br /></span></p> Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-51211348192675156522011-08-23T20:41:00.000-07:002011-08-23T21:08:59.701-07:00COUNTRY MUSIC
<br />What is Country Music?
<br />Whenever people talk about country music, the question arises about how to define it? There are more different views than there are songs. Here are some answers!
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<br />A) Years ago John Minson and Max Ellis were on a promotional trip for the Tamworth Festival and in the course of talking to a number of journalists whose total knowledge of country music was two words… Slim Dusty… they kept getting asked just what was meant by the term Country Music.
<br />Of course the answer is that Country Music means different things to different people. Ask 20 people and you’ll get 20 answers. Most of them are unequivocally positive that their definition is the only authorised version. Sounds religious? That’s because for many it is a matter of faith, with different denominations conducting a war of words over which version is the true gospel.
<br />So John and Max, as practical types, attempted a general specification summarising some of the specific characteristics which set country aside from other types of music.
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<br />1 A simple Chord progression. Generally country depends on a limited number of chords. It is not musically complicated and this certainly contributes to its popularity and playability.
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<br />2 Country music should have a strong story line. “The Band Played Waltzing Matilda” or “Pub With No Beer”, illustrate the point.
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<br />3 The song should have a simple and memorable chorus, which supports the storyline and is one reason so many people find it easy to recall and sing a good country song.
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<br />4 Identifiable instrumentation. Organs, orchestras, strings, wind instruments are NOT country. Guitars, banjos, fiddles, pedal steel guitars, harmonicas definitely are. There are exceptions of course but instruments must be played in a country manner.
<br />Some say that geographic locations are a factor, insisting that a non urban setting is an essential ingredient. But there are plenty of examples of successful country songs that don’t have country locations.
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<br />Summarising
<br />Simple chords, Strong storyline, Memorable chorus, country Instruments.
<br />Max Ellis
<br />Adapted from a story in Capital News September 1981
<br />Here are some more definitions
<br />A) Must sound like Tex, Buddy or Slim in the 40s and 50s and be about some aspect of rural life.
<br />B) If it sounds like country it is.
<br />C) If the cheque comes from Nashville, it's country!
<br />D) Finally a definition from a multinational advertising agency discussing “country” from a life style and marketing point of view. Not specifically about music but country music is identified as a influential element in this general “country”.
<br />"Country" exists as a cluster of attitudes, beliefs, symbols and signs in the minds of consumers, giving us clear messages about their aspirations. It represents simplicity, purity and authenticity, a quality of life made up of relationships and roost; it conveys warmth and friendliness. These are all qualities that consumers in the pressured and uncertain '90s value and that are all the more powerful because they represent our yearnings, not the reality of our lives."
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<br />Country music is a popular <a class="mw-redirect" title="American music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_music">American musical</a> style that began in the <a title="Southern United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States">Southern United States</a> in the 1920s.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music#cite_note-Peterson-0">[1]</a>
<br />The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term <a title="Hillbilly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly">hillbilly</a> music. The term country music is used today to describe many <a title="List of country genres" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_genres">styles</a> and subgenres.
<br /><a title="Harlan Howard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Howard">Harlan Howard</a> stated "Country music is three chords and the truth."
<br />Take your pick!!!
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<br />Early history
<br />Immigrants to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Maritime_Provinces">Maritime Provinces</a> and Southern <a title="Appalachian Mountains" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> of North America brought the music and instruments of the Old World along with them for nearly 300 years. They brought some of their most important valuables with them, and to most of them this was an instrument: “Early Scottish settlers enjoyed the fiddle because it could be played to sound sad and mournful or bright and bouncy”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-2">[3]</a> The Irish <a title="Fiddle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fiddle">fiddle</a>, the German derived <a title="Appalachian dulcimer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer">dulcimer</a>, the Italian <a title="Mandolin" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mandolin">mandolin</a>, the Spanish <a title="Guitar" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Guitar">guitar</a>, and the West African <a title="Banjo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Banjo">banjo</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-3">[4]</a> were the most common musical instruments. The interactions among musicians from different ethnic groups produced music unique to this region of <a title="North America" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/North_America">North America</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Appalachian">Appalachian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="String band (American music)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/String_band_(American_music)">string bands</a> of the early 20th century primarily consisted of the fiddle, guitar, and banjo.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-4">[5]</a> This early country music along with early recorded country music is often referred to as <a title="Old-time music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Old-time_music">old-time music</a>.
<br />According to <a title="Bill Malone" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bill_Malone">Bill Malone</a> in Country Music U.S.A, country music was “introduced to the world as a southern phenomenon."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-5">[6]</a> In the South, folk music was a combination of cultural strains, combining musical traditions of a variety of ethnic groups in the region. For example, some instrumental pieces from Anglo-British and Irish immigrants were the basis of folk songs and ballads that form what is now known as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Old time music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Old_time_music">old time music</a>, from which country music descended. It is commonly thought that British and Irish folk music influenced the development of old time music. British and Irish arrivals to the Southern U.S. included immigrants from Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and England.
<br />Often, when many people think or hear country music, they think of it as a creation of European-Americans. However, a great deal of style—and of course, the banjo, a major instrument in most early American folk songs—came from African Americans. One of the reasons country music was created by African-Americans, as well as European-Americans, is because blacks and whites in rural communities in the south often worked and played together, just as recollected by <a title="DeFord Bailey" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/DeFord_Bailey">DeFord Bailey</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-6">[7]</a> in the PBS documentary, DeFord Bailey: A Legend Lost.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-7">[8]</a>
<br />Throughout the 19th century, several <a title="Immigration to the United States" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States">immigrant</a> groups from <a title="Europe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Europe">Europe</a>, most notably from <a title="Ireland" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a title="Germany" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Germany">Germany</a>, <a title="Spain" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Spain">Spain</a>, and <a title="Italy" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Italy">Italy</a> moved to <a title="Texas" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Texas">Texas</a>. These groups interacted with <a title="Mexican American" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mexican_American">Mexican</a> and <a title="Native Americans in the United States" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States">Native American</a>, and U.S. communities that were already established in Texas. As a result of this cohabitation and extended contact, Texas has developed unique cultural traits that are rooted in the culture of all of its founding communities.
<br />
<br />1920s
<br />Local performers from Atlanta and Fort Worth were being played on radio stations in 1922. Along with local performers, barn-dance programs became popular among radio stations as well. Some record companies in Georgia turned away early artists such as Fiddlin' John Carson; while others realized that his music would fit perfectly with the lifestyle of the country's agricultural employees.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-9">[10]</a> The first commercial recordings of what was considered country music were "Arkansas Traveler" and "Turkey in the Straw" by fiddlers Henry Gilliland & <a title="Eck Robertson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eck_Robertson">A.C. (Eck) Robertson</a> on June 30, 1922 for Victor Records.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-10">[11]</a> <a title="Columbia Records" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Columbia_Records">Columbia Records</a> began issuing records with "hillbilly" music (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") as early as 1924.
<br />A year earlier on June 14, 1923, <a title="Fiddlin' John Carson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a> recorded "<a class="mw-redirect" title="The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Little_Old_Log_Cabin_in_the_Lane">Little Log Cabin in the Lane</a>" for <a title="Okeh Records" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Okeh_Records">Okeh Records</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-12">[13]</a> <a title="Vernon Dalhart" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Vernon_Dalhart">Vernon Dalhart</a> was the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May 1924 with "<a class="mw-redirect" title="Wreck of the Old '97" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Old_%2797">Wreck of the Old '97</a>".<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-13">[14]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-14">[15]</a> The flip side of the record was "Lonesome Road Blues," which also became very popular.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-cohn-15">[16]</a> In April 1924, "Aunt" <a title="Samantha Bumgarner" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Samantha_Bumgarner">Samantha Bumgarner</a> and Eva Davis became the first female musicians to record and release country songs.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-16">[17]</a>
<br />Many "hillbilly" musicians, such as <a title="Cliff Carlisle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Cliff_Carlisle">Cliff Carlisle</a>, recorded blues songs throughout the decade<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-17">[18]</a> and into the 30s. Other important early recording artists were <a title="Riley Puckett" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Riley_Puckett">Riley Puckett</a>, <a title="Don Richardson (musician)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Don_Richardson_(musician)">Don Richardson</a>, <a title="Fiddlin' John Carson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a>, <a title="Uncle Dave Macon" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, <a title="Al Hopkins" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Al_Hopkins">Al Hopkins</a>, <a title="Ernest Stoneman" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ernest_Stoneman">Ernest V. Stoneman</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Charlie_Poole_and_the_North_Carolina_Ramblers">Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers</a> and The Skillet Lickers.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-18">[19]</a> The <a title="Steel guitar" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Steel_guitar">steel guitar</a> entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist <a title="Frank Ferera" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Frank_Ferera">Frank Ferera</a> on the West Coast.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-19">[20]</a>
<br /><a title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a> and the <a title="Carter Family" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Carter_Family">Carter Family</a> are widely considered to be important early country musicians. Their songs were first captured at a <a title="Bristol sessions" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bristol_sessions">historic recording session</a> in <a title="Bristol, Tennessee" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee">Bristol</a> on August 1, 1927, where <a title="Ralph Peer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ralph_Peer">Ralph Peer</a> was the talent scout and sound recordist.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-20">[21]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Sanjek-21">[22]</a> A scene in the movie <a title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F">O Brother, Where Art Thou? (film)</a> depicts a similar occurrence in the same timeframe.
<br />Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk; and many of his best songs were his compositions, including “Blue Yodel”,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-22">[23]</a> which sold over a million records and established Rodgers as the premier singer of early country music.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-23">[24]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-24">[25]</a>
<br />Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs and Gospel hymns, all representative of America's southeastern folklore and heritage.
<br />1930s–1940s
<br />One effect of the <a title="Great Depression" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Great_Depression">Great Depression</a> was to reduce the number of records that could be sold. Radio, and broadcasting, became a popular source of entertainment, and "barn dance" shows featuring country music were started all over the South, as far north as Chicago, and as far west as California.
<br />The most important was the <a title="Grand Ole Opry" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a>, aired starting in 1925 by <a title="WSM (AM)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/WSM_(AM)">WSM-AM</a> in Nashville to the present day. Some of the early stars on the Opry were <a title="Uncle Dave Macon" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, <a title="Roy Acuff" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Roy_Acuff">Roy Acuff</a> and African American harmonica player DeFord Bailey. WSM's 50,000 watt signal (1934) could often be heard across the country,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-26">[27]</a>
<br />Many musicians performed and recorded songs in any number of styles. <a title="Moon Mullican" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Moon_Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, for example, played Western swing, but also recorded songs that can be called rockabilly. <a title="Bill Haley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bill_Haley">Bill Haley</a> sang cowboy songs, and was at one time a cowboy yodeler. Haley became most famous as an early player of rock n roll, adding <a title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>-stylings to his environment, thus creating a sound that was very much his own. Between 1947 and 1949, country crooner <a title="Eddy Arnold" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eddy_Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a> placed eight songs in the top 10.
<br />
<br />Singing cowboys and Western swing
<br />Main article: <a title="Western music (North America)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)">Western music (North America)</a>
<br />During the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular <a title="Singing cowboy" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Singing_cowboy">singing cowboys</a> from the era were <a title="Gene Autry" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gene_Autry">Gene Autry</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of the Pioneers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sons_of_the_Pioneers">Sons of the Pioneers</a> and <a title="Roy Rogers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Roy_Rogers">Roy Rogers</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-28">[29]</a>
<br />And it wasn't only cowboys; cowgirls contributed to the sound in various family groups. <a title="Patsy Montana" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Patsy_Montana">Patsy Montana</a> opened the door for female artists with her history making song "I Want To Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart". This would begin a movement toward opportunities for women to have successful solo careers.
<br /><a title="Bob Wills" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bob_Wills">Bob Wills</a> was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band,” and who also appeared in <a title="Western (genre)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Western_(genre)">Hollywood Westerns</a>. His mix of country and <a title="Jazz" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jazz">jazz</a>, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as <a title="Western swing" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Western_swing">Western swing</a>. <a title="Spade Cooley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Spade_Cooley">Spade Cooley</a> and <a title="Tex Williams" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tex_Williams">Tex Williams</a> also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, Western swing rivaled the popularity of other <a title="Big band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Big_band">big band</a> jazz.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Changing instrumentation" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>] Changing instrumentation
<br />Drums were scorned by early country musicians as being "too loud" and "not pure," but by 1935 Western swing <a title="Big band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Big_band">big band</a> leader Bob Wills had added drums to the Texas Playboys. In the mid 1940s, the Grand Ole Opry did not want the Playboys’ drummer to appear on stage. Although drums were commonly used by rockabilly groups by 1955, the less-conservative-than-the-Grand Ole Opry <a title="Louisiana Hayride" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Louisiana_Hayride">Louisiana Hayride</a> kept its infrequently used drummer back stage as late as 1956. By the early 1960s, however, it was rare that a country band didn't have a drummer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-autogenerated1-29">[30]</a>
<br />Bob Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-30">[31]</a> A decade later (1948) <a title="'Arthur" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Arthur_%22Guitar_Boogie%22_Smith">Arthur Smith</a> achieved top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recording of "<a title="Guitar Boogie (song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Guitar_Boogie_(song)">Guitar Boogie</a>", which crossed over to the US pop chart, introducing many people to the potential of the electric guitar. For several decades Nashville session players preferred the warm tones of the Gibson and Gretsch archtop electrics, but a “hot” Fender style, utilizing guitars which became available beginning in the early 1950s, eventually prevailed as the signature guitar sound of country.
<br />Hillbilly boogie
<br />Country musicians began recording <a class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie woogie" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Boogie_woogie">boogie</a> in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when <a title="Johnny Barfield" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Barfield">Johnny Barfield</a> recorded "Boogie Woogie." The trickle of what was initially called hillbilly boogie, or okie boogie (later to be renamed country boogie), became a flood beginning in late 1945. One notable release from this period was the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Delmore Brothers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Delmore_Brothers">Delmore Brothers</a>' "Freight Train Boogie," considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards <a title="Rockabilly" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>. In 1948, <a title="'Arthur" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Arthur_%22Guitar_Boogie%22_Smith">Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith</a> achieved top ten US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of "<a title="Guitar Boogie (song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Guitar_Boogie_(song)">Guitar Boogie</a>" and "Banjo Boogie," with the former crossing over to the US pop charts.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-32">[33]</a> Other country boogie artists included <a title="Merrill Moore" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Merrill_Moore">Merrill Moore</a> and <a title="Tennessee Ernie Ford" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford">Tennessee Ernie Ford</a>. The hillbilly boogie period lasted into the 1950s and remains one of many subgenres of country into the 21st century.
<br />Bluegrass, folk and gospel
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Clyde_J_Foley.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Clyde_J_Foley.jpg"></a><a title="Red Foley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Red_Foley">Red Foley</a>
<br />By the end of <a title="World War II" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</a>, "mountaineer" string band music known as <a title="Bluegrass music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bluegrass_music">bluegrass</a> had emerged when <a title="Bill Monroe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bill_Monroe">Bill Monroe</a> joined with <a title="Lester Flatt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lester_Flatt">Lester Flatt</a> and <a title="Earl Scruggs" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Earl_Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a>, introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. Gospel music, too, remained a popular component of country music. <a title="Red Foley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Red_Foley">Red Foley</a>, the biggest country star following World War II, had one of the first million-selling gospel hits ("<a class="mw-redirect" title="Peace In The Valley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Peace_In_The_Valley">Peace In The Valley</a>") and also sang boogie, blues and rockabilly.
<br />In the post-war period, country music was called "folk" in the trades, and "hillbilly" within the industry. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-33">[34]</a> In 1944, <a title="Billboard (magazine)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)">The Billboard</a> replaced the term "hillbilly" with "folk songs and blues," and switched to "country" or "country and Western" in 1949.
<br />Honky tonk
<br />Another type of stripped down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, dobro or steel guitar (and later) drums became popular, especially among poor white southerners. It became known as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Honkey tonk" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Honkey_tonk#Honky_tonk_music">honky tonk</a> and had its roots in Texas. <a title="Bob Wills" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bob_Wills">Bob Wills</a> and His Texas Playboys personified this music which has been described as "a little bit of this, and a little bit of that, a little bit of black and a little bit of white...just loud enough to keep you from thinking too much and to go right on ordering the whiskey."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_135-36">[37]</a> East Texan <a title="Al Dexter" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Al_Dexter">Al Dexter</a> had a hit with "Honky Tonk Blues," and seven years later "<a title="Pistol Packin' Mama" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pistol_Packin%27_Mama">Pistol Packin' Mama</a>".<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-37">[38]</a> These "honky tonk" songs associated barrooms, were performed by the likes of <a title="Ernest Tubb" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ernest_Tubb">Ernest Tubb</a>, <a title="Ted Daffan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ted_Daffan">Ted Daffan</a>, <a title="Floyd Tillman" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Floyd_Tillman">Floyd Tillman</a>, and the <a title="Maddox Brothers and Rose" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Maddox_Brothers_and_Rose">Maddox Brothers and Rose</a>, <a title="Lefty Frizzell" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lefty_Frizzell">Lefty Frizzell</a> and <a title="Hank Williams" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hank_Williams">Hank Williams</a>, would later be called "traditional" country. Williams' influence in particular would prove to be enormous, inspiring many of the pioneers of rock and roll, such as Elvis Presley and <a title="Jerry Lee Lewis" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, as well as <a title="Chuck Berry" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chuck_Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and <a title="Ike Turner" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ike_Turner">Ike Turner</a>, while providing a framework for emerging honky tonk talents like <a title="George Jones" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/George_Jones">George Jones</a>. <a title="Webb Pierce" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Webb_Pierce">Webb Pierce</a> was the top-charting country artist of the 1950s, with 13 of his singles spending 113 weeks at number one. He charted 48 singles during the decade; 31 reached the top ten and 26 reached the top four.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: 1950s–1960s" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=9">edit</a>] 1950s–1960s
<br />See also: <a title="1950s in music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/1950s_in_music">1950s in music</a> and <a title="1960s in music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/1960s_in_music">1960s in music</a>
<br />By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, and honky tonk was played by most country bands, but a new style was about to become popular.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-38">[39]</a>
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Rockabilly" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=10">edit</a>] Rockabilly
<br />Main article: <a title="Rockabilly" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a>
<br />Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of <a title="Rockabilly" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> in country music. Rockabilly was a mixture of rock-and-roll and hillbilly music. During this period Elvis Presley converted over to country music. He played a huge role in the music industry during this time. The number two, three and four songs on <a title="Billboard (magazine)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)">Billboard's</a> charts for that year were <a title="Elvis Presley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Elvis_Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, "<a title="Heartbreak Hotel" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel">Heartbreak Hotel</a>"; <a title="Johnny Cash" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, "<a title="I Walk the Line" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line">I Walk the Line</a>"; and <a title="Carl Perkins" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Carl_Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, "<a title="Blue Suede Shoes" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes">Blue Suede Shoes</a>".<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-39">[40]</a>
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg"></a><a title="Johnny Cash" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Cash">Johnny Cash</a>
<br />Cash and Presley placed songs in the top 5 in 1958 with No. 3 "Guess Things Happen That Way/Come In, Stranger" by Cash, and No. 5 by Presley "Don't/I Beg Of You."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-40">[41]</a> Presley acknowledged the influence of rhythm and blues artists and his style, saying "The colored folk been singin' and playin' it just the way I'm doin' it now, man for more years than I know." But he also said, "My stuff is just hopped-up country."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_135-36">[37]</a> Within a few years, many rockabilly musicians returned to a more mainstream style or had defined their own unique style.
<br />Country music gained national television exposure through <a title="Ozark Jubilee" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ozark_Jubilee">Ozark Jubilee</a> on ABC-TV and radio from 1955–1960 from <a title="Springfield, Missouri" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>. The program showcased top stars including several rockabilly artists, some from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ozarks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ozarks">Ozarks</a>. As Webb Pierce put it in 1956, "Once upon a time, it was almost impossible to sell country music in a place like New York City. Nowadays, television takes us everywhere, and country music records and sheet music sell as well in large cities as anywhere else."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-41">[42]</a>
<br />The late 1950s saw the emergence of the <a title="Lubbock sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lubbock_sound">Lubbock sound</a>, but by the end of the decade, backlash as well as traditional artists such as <a title="Ray Price (musician)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)">Ray Price</a>, <a title="Marty Robbins" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Marty_Robbins">Marty Robbins</a>, and <a title="Johnny Horton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Horton">Johnny Horton</a> began to shift the industry away from the rock n' roll influences of the mid-50s.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=11">edit</a>] The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds
<br />Main article: <a title="Nashville sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Nashville_sound">Nashville sound</a>
<br />Beginning in the mid 1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the Nashville sound turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in <a title="Nashville, Tennessee" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>. Under the direction of producers such as <a title="Chet Atkins" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chet_Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>, <a title="Owen Bradley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Owen_Bradley">Owen Bradley</a>, and later <a title="Billy Sherrill" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billy_Sherrill">Billy Sherrill</a>, the sound brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-42">[43]</a>
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Jim_Reeves.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Jim_Reeves.jpg"></a><a title="Jim Reeves" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jim_Reeves">Jim Reeves</a>
<br />This subgenre was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and "smooth" vocal, backed by a string section and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasized in favor of trademark "licks". Leading artists in this genre included <a title="Patsy Cline" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Patsy_Cline">Patsy Cline</a>, <a title="Jim Reeves" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jim_Reeves">Jim Reeves</a> and <a title="Eddy Arnold" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eddy_Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a>. The "slip note" piano style of session musician <a title="Floyd Cramer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Floyd_Cramer">Floyd Cramer</a> was an important component of this style.
<br />Nashville's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called <a class="mw-redirect" title="Countrypolitan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Countrypolitan#Countrypolitan">countrypolitan</a>. Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Top artists included <a title="Tammy Wynette" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tammy_Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a> and <a title="Charlie Rich" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Charlie_Rich">Charlie Rich</a>.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Country soul - crossover" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=12">edit</a>] Country soul - crossover
<br />Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Country soul" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_soul">Country soul</a>
<br />In 1962, <a title="Ray Charles" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ray_Charles">Ray Charles</a> surprised the pop world by turning his attention to country and western music, topping the charts and rating number three for the year on Billboard's pop chart<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-43">[44]</a> with the "<a title="I Can't Stop Loving You" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/I_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You">I Can't Stop Loving You</a>" single, and recording the landmark album <a title="Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Modern_Sounds_in_Country_and_Western_Music">Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music</a>.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: The Bakersfield sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=13">edit</a>] The Bakersfield sound
<br />Main article: <a title="Bakersfield sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bakersfield_sound">Bakersfield sound</a>
<br />Another genre of country music grew out of hardcore honky tonk with elements of <a title="Western swing" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Western_swing">Western swing</a> and originated 112 miles (180 km) north-northwest of <a title="Los Angeles" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Los_Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in <a title="Bakersfield, California" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bakersfield,_California">Bakersfield, California</a>. Influenced by one-time West Coast residents <a title="Bob Wills" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bob_Wills">Bob Wills</a> and <a title="Lefty Frizzell" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lefty_Frizzell">Lefty Frizzell</a>, by 1966 it was known as the <a title="Bakersfield sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bakersfield_sound">Bakersfield sound</a>. It relied on electric instruments and amplification, in particular the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Telecaster" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Telecaster">Telecaster</a> electric guitar, more than other subgenres of country of the era, and can be described as having a sharp, hard, driving, no-frills, edgy flavor. Leading practitioners of this style were <a title="Buck Owens" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Buck_Owens">Buck Owens</a>, <a title="Merle Haggard" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Merle_Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, <a title="Tommy Collins (country music)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tommy_Collins_(country_music)">Tommy Collins</a>, <a title="Dwight Yoakam" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>, <a title="Gary Allan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gary_Allan">Gary Allan</a>, and <a title="Wynn Stewart" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wynn_Stewart">Wynn Stewart</a>, each of whom had his own style.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-44">[45]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-45">[46]</a>
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Country rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=14">edit</a>] Country rock
<br />Main article: <a title="Country rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_rock">Country rock</a>
<br />The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the <a title="British Invasion" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/British_Invasion">British Invasion</a>, many desired a return to the "old values" of rock n' roll. At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the country sector for Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as <a title="Country rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_rock">country rock</a>.
<br />Early innovators in this new style of music in the 60s and 70s included <a title="Bob Dylan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bob_Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> who was the first to revert to country music with his 1967 album <a title="John Wesley Harding (album)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding_(album)">John Wesley Harding</a> followed by rock n' roll icon band <a title="The Byrds" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Byrds">The Byrds</a> (<a title="Gram Parsons" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gram_Parsons">Gram Parsons</a> on "Sweethearts of the Rodeo") and its spin-off <a title="The Flying Burrito Brothers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers">The Flying Burrito Brothers</a> (also featuring <a title="Gram Parsons" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gram_Parsons">Gram Parsons</a>), guitarist <a title="Clarence White" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Clarence_White">Clarence White</a>, <a title="Michael Nesmith" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Michael_Nesmith">Michael Nesmith</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Monkees" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Monkees">Monkees</a> and <a title="First National Band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/First_National_Band">First National Band</a>), <a class="mw-redirect" title="The Grateful Dead" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead">the Grateful Dead</a>, <a title="Neil Young" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Neil_Young">Neil Young</a>, <a title="Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen">Commander Cody</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="The Allman Brothers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers">The Allman Brothers</a>, <a title="The Marshall Tucker Band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Marshall_Tucker_Band">The Marshall Tucker Band</a>, <a title="Poco" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Poco">Poco</a>, <a title="Buffalo Springfield" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield">Buffalo Springfield</a>, and <a title="Eagles (band)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eagles_(band)">The Eagles</a> among many. <a title="The Rolling Stones" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> also got into the act with songs like "<a title="Honky Tonk Women" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Women">Honky Tonk Women</a>" and "<a title="Dead Flowers (The Rolling Stones song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dead_Flowers_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)">Dead Flowers</a>".
<br />Described by <a title="Allmusic" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Allmusic">Allmusic</a> as the "father of country-rock",<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-46">[47]</a> Gram Parsons' work in the early '70s was acclaimed for its purity and for his appreciation for aspects of traditional country music.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-47">[48]</a> Though his career was cut tragically short by his 1973 death, his legacy was carried on by his mentee and duet partner <a title="Emmylou Harris" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Emmylou_Harris">Emmylou Harris</a>; Harris would release her debut solo in 1975, an amalgamation of country, rock and roll, folk, blues and pop.
<br />Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres, other offspring soon resulted, including <a title="Southern rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Southern_rock">Southern rock</a>, <a title="Heartland rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Heartland_rock">heartland rock</a> and in more recent years, <a title="Alternative country" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alternative_country">alternative country</a>.
<br />In the decades that followed, artists such as <a title="Juice Newton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Juice_Newton">Juice Newton</a>; <a title="Alabama (band)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alabama_(band)">Alabama</a>; <a title="Hank Williams, Jr." href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr.">Hank Williams, Jr.</a>; <a title="Gary Allan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gary_Allan">Gary Allan</a>; <a title="Shania Twain" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shania_Twain">Shania Twain</a>; <a title="Brooks & Dunn" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn">Brooks & Dunn</a>; <a title="Faith Hill" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Faith_Hill">Faith Hill</a>; <a title="Garth Brooks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Garth_Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>; <a title="Dwight Yoakam" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>; <a title="Steve Earle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Steve_Earle">Steve Earle</a>; <a title="Dolly Parton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dolly_Parton">Dolly Parton</a>; <a title="Rosanne Cash" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rosanne_Cash">Rosanne Cash</a> and <a title="Linda Ronstadt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> moved country further towards rock influence.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: 1970s–1980s" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=15">edit</a>] 1970s–1980s
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Outlaw country" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=16">edit</a>] Outlaw country
<br />Main article: <a title="Outlaw country" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Outlaw_country">Outlaw country</a>
<br />Derived from the traditional and honky tonk sounds of the late 1950s and 1960s, including <a title="Ray Price (musician)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)">Ray Price</a> (whose band, the "Cherokee Cowboys", included <a title="Willie Nelson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Willie_Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a title="Roger Miller" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Roger_Miller">Roger Miller</a>) and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of country music.
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:WillieNelson.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:WillieNelson.jpg"></a><a title="Willie Nelson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Willie_Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>
<br />"After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, 'Well, that's pretty cool.' And started listening." (Willie Nelson)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-48">[49]</a>
<br />The term outlaw country is traditionally associated with <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Williams, Jr" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr">Hank Williams, Jr</a>, <a title="Willie Nelson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Willie_Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, <a title="Waylon Jennings" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Waylon_Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a>, <a title="David Allan Coe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/David_Allan_Coe">David Allan Coe</a>, <a class="new" title="Whitey Morgan & The 78's (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Whitey_Morgan_%26_The_78%27s&action=edit&redlink=1">Whitey Morgan & The 78's</a>, <a title="John Prine" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/John_Prine">John Prine</a>, <a title="Billy Joe Shaver" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billy_Joe_Shaver">Billy Joe Shaver</a>, <a title="Gary Stewart (singer)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gary_Stewart_(singer)">Gary Stewart</a>, <a title="Townes Van Zandt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Townes_Van_Zandt">Townes Van Zandt</a> and with a few female vocalists such as <a title="Jessi Colter" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jessi_Colter">Jessi Colter</a> and <a title="Sammi Smith" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sammi_Smith">Sammi Smith</a>. It was encapsulated in the 1976 album <a title="Wanted! The Outlaws" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wanted!_The_Outlaws">Wanted! The Outlaws</a>. A related subgenre is <a title="Red Dirt (music)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)">Red Dirt</a>.
<br />[<a title="Edit section: Country pop" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=17">edit</a>] Country pop
<br />Main article: <a title="Country pop" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_pop">Country pop</a>
<br />Country pop or soft pop, with roots in both the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Countrypolitan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Countrypolitan">countrypolitan</a> sound and in <a title="Soft rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Soft_rock">soft rock</a>, is a subgenre that first emerged in the 1970s. Although the term first referred to country music songs and artists that crossed over to top 40 radio, country pop acts are now more likely to cross over to <a title="Adult contemporary music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music">adult contemporary music</a>. It started with pop music singers like <a title="Michael Nesmith" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Michael_Nesmith">Michael Nesmith</a>, <a title="The Bellamy Brothers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Bellamy_Brothers">The Bellamy Brothers</a>, <a title="Glen Campbell" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Glen_Campbell">Glen Campbell</a>, <a title="John Denver" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/John_Denver">John Denver</a>, <a title="Olivia Newton-John" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>, <a title="Marie Osmond" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Marie_Osmond">Marie Osmond</a>, <a title="B. J. Thomas" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/B._J._Thomas">B. J. Thomas</a> and <a title="Anne Murray" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Anne_Murray">Anne Murray</a> having hits on the country charts. Campbell's "Rhinestone Cowboy" was one of the biggest crossover hits in country music history.
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Lynnanderson(by_Scott_Dudelson).jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Lynnanderson(by_Scott_Dudelson).jpg"></a><a title="Lynn Anderson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lynn_Anderson">Lynn Anderson</a> in concert
<br />In 1974, Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, won the "Best Female Country Vocal Performance" as well as the Country Music Association's most coveted award for females, "Female Vocalist of the Year". In the same year, a group of artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived <a class="new" title="Association of Country Entertainers (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Country_Entertainers&action=edit&redlink=1">Association of Country Entertainers</a>. The debate raged into 1975, and reached its apex at that year's Country Music Association Awards when reigning Entertainer of the Year <a title="Charlie Rich" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Charlie_Rich">Charlie Rich</a> (who himself had a series of crossover hits) presented the award to his successor, John Denver. As he read Denver's name, Rich set fire to the envelope with a cigarette lighter. The action was taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music.
<br />During the mid-1970s, <a title="Dolly Parton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dolly_Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, a highly successful mainstream country artist since the late '60s, mounted a high profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit "Here You Come Again", which topped the U.S. country singles chart, and also reached No. 3 on the pop singles charts. Parton's male counterpart, <a title="Kenny Rogers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kenny_Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> came from the opposite direction, aiming his music at the country charts, after a successful career in pop, rock and folk music, achieving success the same year with "Lucille", which topped the country charts and reached No. 5 on the U.S. pop singles charts. Parton and Rogers would both continue to have success on both country and pop charts simultaneously, well into the 1980s. Artists like <a title="Crystal Gayle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Crystal_Gayle">Crystal Gayle</a>, <a title="Ronnie Milsap" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap">Ronnie Milsap</a> and <a title="Barbara Mandrell" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell">Barbara Mandrell</a> would also find success on the pop charts with their records as well.
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dolly_Parton_in_Nashville_cropped.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Dolly_Parton_in_Nashville_cropped.jpg"></a><a title="Dolly Parton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dolly_Parton">Dolly Parton</a>
<br />In 1975, author Paul Hemphill stated in the Saturday Evening Post, “Country music isn’t really country anymore; it is a hybrid of nearly every form of popular music in America.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-49">[50]</a>
<br />During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. <a title="Willie Nelson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Willie_Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a title="Juice Newton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Juice_Newton">Juice Newton</a> each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted "Always On My Mind" (No. 5, 1982) and "To All The Girls I've Loved Before" (No. 5, 1984), and Newton achieved success with "Queen of Hearts" (No. 2, 1981) and "Angel of the Morning" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: "Lady" by <a title="Kenny Rogers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kenny_Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, from the late fall of 1980; "9 to 5" by <a title="Dolly Parton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dolly_Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, "I Love a Rainy Night" by <a title="Eddie Rabbitt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eddie_Rabbitt">Eddie Rabbitt</a> (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and "Islands in the Stream", a duet by <a title="Dolly Parton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dolly_Parton">Dolly Parton</a> and <a title="Kenny Rogers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kenny_Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the <a title="Bee Gees" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bee_Gees">Bee Gees</a>. Newton's "Queen of Hearts" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut "Endless Love" by <a title="Diana Ross" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Diana_Ross">Diana Ross</a> and <a title="Lionel Richie" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lionel_Richie">Lionel Richie</a>. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-50">[51]</a> Although there were few crossover hits in the latter half of the 1980s, one song — <a title="Roy Orbison" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Roy_Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>'s "<a title="You Got It" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/You_Got_It">You Got It</a>", from 1989 — made the top 10 of both the Billboard <a title="Hot Country Songs" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs">Hot Country Singles</a>" and Hot 100 charts.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-51">[52]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-52">[53]</a>
<br />The record-setting, multi-platinum group, Alabama, was named Artist of the Decade for the 1980s by the Academy of Country Music.
<br />Neocountry
<br />In 1980, a style of "neocountry disco music" was popularized by the film <a title="Urban Cowboy" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Urban_Cowboy">Urban Cowboy</a>,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_259-53">[54]</a> which also included more traditional songs such as "<a title="The Devil Went Down to Georgia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Devil_Went_Down_to_Georgia">The Devil Went Down to Georgia</a>" by the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Daniels Band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Charlie_Daniels_Band">Charlie Daniels Band</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-54">[55]</a> A related subgenre is <a title="Texas country music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Texas_country_music">Texas country music</a>.
<br />Sales in record stores rocketed to $250 million in 1981; by 1984, 900 radio stations began programming country or neocountry pop full time. As with most sudden trends, however, by 1984 sales had dropped below 1979 figures.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_259-53">[54]</a>
<br />Truck driving country
<br />Truck driving country music is a genre of country music<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-truckers-jukebox-55">[56]</a> and is a fusion of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Honky tonk" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Honky_tonk">honky tonk</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Country-rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country-rock">country-rock</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield Sound" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bakersfield_Sound">Bakersfield Sound</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-starpulse-56">[57]</a> It has the <a title="Tempo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tempo">tempo</a> of country-rock and the emotion of honky-tonk,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-starpulse-56">[57]</a> and its lyrics focus on a truck driver's lifestyle.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-amazon-57">[58]</a> Truck driving country <a title="Song" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Song">songs</a> often deal with <a title="Truck" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Truck">trucks</a> and <a title="Love" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Love">love</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-starpulse-56">[57]</a> Well-known artists who sing truck driving country include <a title="Dave Dudley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dave_Dudley">Dave Dudley</a>, <a title="Red Sovine" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Red_Sovine">Red Sovine</a>, <a title="Dick Curless" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dick_Curless">Dick Curless</a>, <a title="Red Simpson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Red_Simpson">Red Simpson</a>, <a class="new" title="Colonel Robert Morris (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Robert_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1">Colonel Robert Morris</a>, and <a class="new" title="Waylon Speed (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Waylon_Speed&action=edit&redlink=1">Waylon Speed</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-starpulse-56">[57]</a> Dudley is known as the father of truck driving country.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-amazon-57">[58]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-mp3com-58">[59]</a>
<br />Neotraditionalist movement
<br />Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Neotraditionalist country" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Neotraditionalist_country">Neotraditionalist country</a>
<br />During the mid-1980s, a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts, in favor of more, traditional, "back-to-basics" production. Led by <a title="Randy Travis" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Randy_Travis">Randy Travis</a>, whose 1986 debut album <a title="Storms of Life" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Storms_of_Life">Storms of Life</a>, sold four million copies and was Billboard's year-end top country album of 1987, many of the artists during the latter half of the '80s drew on traditional honky tonk, bluegrass, folk and western swing. Artists who typified this sound included <a title="Travis Tritt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Travis_Tritt">Travis Tritt</a>, <a title="Ricky Skaggs" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a>, <a title="Kathy Mattea" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kathy_Mattea">Kathy Mattea</a>, <a title="George Strait" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/George_Strait">George Strait</a> and <a title="The Judds" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Judds">The Judds</a>.
<br />1990s
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:GarthBrooks.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:GarthBrooks.jpg"></a><a title="Garth Brooks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Garth_Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>
<br />Country music was aided by the FCC's Docket 80-90, which led to a significant expansion of <a class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/FM_radio">FM radio</a> in the 1980s by adding numerous higher-fidelity FM signals to rural and suburban areas. At this point, country music was mainly heard on rural <a class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/AM_radio">AM radio</a> stations; the expansion of FM was particularly helpful to country music, which migrated to FM from the AM band as AM became overcome by <a title="Talk radio" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Talk_radio">talk radio</a>. This wider availability of country music led to producers seeking to polish their product for a wider audience.
<br />With his debut on the national country music scene in 1989, singer and songwriter <a title="Clint Black" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Clint_Black">Clint Black</a> would usher in a new sound that would define much of country music for the 1990s and beyond.[<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a>]
<br />In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to <a title="Billy Ray Cyrus" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a> and <a title="Garth Brooks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Garth_Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Country_Worldwide-59">[60]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Country_Worldwide2-60">[61]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-Country_Worldwide3-61">[62]</a> The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/RIAA">RIAA</a> has certified his recordings at a combined (128× <a title="RIAA certification" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/RIAA_certification">platinum</a>), denoting roughly 113 million U.S. shipments.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-62">[63]</a>
<br /><a title="Mindy McCready" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mindy_McCready">Mindy McCready</a>, <a title="Jo Dee Messina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jo_Dee_Messina">Jo Dee Messina</a>, <a title="Shania Twain" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shania_Twain">Shania Twain</a>, <a title="Faith Hill" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Faith_Hill">Faith Hill</a> all released <a title="Platinum" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Platinum">platinum</a> selling albums in the 90s.
<br />The <a title="Dixie Chicks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dixie_Chicks">Dixie Chicks</a> became one of the most popular country bands in the 90s and early 00s. Their 1998 debut album <a title="Wide Open Spaces" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wide_Open_Spaces">Wide Open Spaces</a> went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album <a title="Fly" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fly">Fly</a> went on to become 10x platinum.
<br />In the early-mid 1990s, country western music was influenced by the popularity of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Line dancing" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Line_dancing">line dancing</a>. This influence was so great that <a title="Chet Atkins" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chet_Atkins">Chet Atkins</a> was quoted as saying "The music has gotten pretty bad, I think. It's all that damn line dancing."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-63">[64]</a> By the end of the decade, however, at least one line dance choreographer complained that good country line dance music was no longer being released.
<br />Alternative country
<br />Main article: <a title="Alternative country" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alternative_country">Alternative country</a>
<br />In the 1990s, alternative country came to refer to a diverse group of musicians and singers operating outside the traditions and industry of mainstream country music. In general, they eschewed the high production values and pop outlook of the Nashville-dominated industry, to produce music with a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-fi" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lo-fi">lo-fi</a> sound, frequently infused with a strong <a title="Punk rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Punk_rock">punk</a> and <a title="Alternative rock" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alternative_rock">alternative</a> aesthetic, bending the traditional rules of country music. Lyrics were often bleak, gothic or socially aware. Key alternative country artists include <a title="Lyle Lovett" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lyle_Lovett">Lyle Lovett</a>, <a title="Steve Earle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Steve_Earle">Steve Earle</a>, <a title="Uncle Tupelo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Uncle_Tupelo">Uncle Tupelo</a>, <a title="Son Volt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Son_Volt">Son Volt</a>, <a title="Lucinda Williams" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lucinda_Williams">Lucinda Williams</a>,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-64">[65]</a> <a title="Ryan Adams" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ryan_Adams">Ryan Adams</a>, <a title="Will Oldham" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Will_Oldham">Will Oldham</a>, <a title="Drive-By Truckers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers">Drive-By Truckers</a>, and <a title="Old 97's" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Old_97%27s">Old 97's</a>.
<br />2000s
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:CarrieUnderwoodACM10.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:CarrieUnderwoodACM10.jpg"></a><a title="Carrie Underwood" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Carrie_Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a>
<br />Several rock and pop stars have ventured into country music. In 2000, <a title="Richard Marx" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Richard_Marx">Richard Marx</a> made a brief cross-over with his <a class="mw-redirect" title="Days In Avalon (album)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Days_In_Avalon_(album)">Days In Avalon</a> album, which features five country songs and several singers and musicians. <a title="Alison Krauss" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alison_Krauss">Alison Krauss</a> sang background vocals to Marx's single "Straight From My Heart." Also, <a title="Bon Jovi" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bon_Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> had a hit single, "<a title="Who Says You Can't Go Home" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Who_Says_You_Can%27t_Go_Home">Who Says You Can't Go Home</a>", with <a title="Jennifer Nettles" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jennifer_Nettles">Jennifer Nettles</a> of <a title="Sugarland" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sugarland">Sugarland</a>. Singer song writer <a title="Unknown Hinson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Unknown_Hinson">Unknown Hinson</a> became famous for his appearance in the Charlotte television show Wild,Wild, South. After which Unknown Hinson started his own band and toured in southern states. Other rock stars who featured a country song on their albums were <a title="Don Henley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Don_Henley">Don Henley</a> and <a title="Poison (band)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Poison_(band)">Poison</a>.
<br />One infrequent, but consistent theme in modern country music is that of proud, stubborn <a title="Individualism" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Individualism">individualism</a>. "Country Boy Can Survive" and "<a title="Copperhead Road" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Copperhead_Road">Copperhead Road</a>"<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-65">[66]</a> are two of the more serious songs along those lines; while "Some Girls Do"<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-66">[67]</a> and "<a title="Redneck Woman" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Redneck_Woman">Redneck Woman</a>"<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-67">[68]</a> are more light-hearted variations on the theme.
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"></a><a title="Taylor Swift" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Taylor_Swift">Taylor Swift</a>
<br />In 2005, country singer <a title="Carrie Underwood" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Carrie_Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a> rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of <a title="American Idol" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/American_Idol">American Idol</a> and became a multi-platinum selling recording artist and multiple <a title="Grammy Award" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grammy_Award">Grammy Award</a> winner. With her first single, "<a title="Inside Your Heaven" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Inside_Your_Heaven">Inside Your Heaven</a>", Underwood became the only country artist to have a #1 Hit on <a title="Billboard Hot 100" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100">Billboard Hot 100 Songs</a> chart in the 2000-2009 decade. In 2007, Underwood won the <a title="Grammy Award for Best New Artist" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist">Grammy Award for Best New Artist</a> and became the first country artist in 10 years to win such award and the second of only three to ever win it. Underwood also made history by becoming the seventh woman to win Entertainer Of The Year for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Country Music Awards" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards">Academy of Country Music Awards</a>, and the first woman in history to win Entertainer of the Year for the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Country Music Awards" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards">Academy of Country Music Awards</a> twice, as well as twice consecutively. Underwood's debut album, "<a title="Some Hearts (Carrie Underwood album)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Some_Hearts_(Carrie_Underwood_album)">Some Hearts</a>", was not only the fastest-selling debut album by any country artist in history, but was ranked by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard.com" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Billboard.com">Billboard.com</a> as the #1 Country Album of the 2000-2009 decade.
<br />In 2008, <a title="Taylor Swift" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Taylor_Swift">Taylor Swift</a> rose as a major country-pop artist, with her single "<a title="Love Story (Taylor Swift song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)">Love Story</a>" becoming the first country song to reach No. 1 one on the Nielsen BDS CHR/Top 40 chart. Another of her singles, "<a title="You Belong with Me" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/You_Belong_with_Me">You Belong with Me</a>", also reached No. 1, making Swift the only country artist to have two No. 1 singles atop the chart. Both "Love Story" and "You Belong with Me" became the best-selling country song of all time, with "Love Story" in the first position with a domestic total of 4.4 million digital copies sold, and "You Belong with Me" in the second with 3.4 million sales, respectively. In 2010, Swift's second album "<a title="Fearless (Taylor Swift album)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)">Fearless</a>" was awarded the <a title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year">Grammy Award for Album of the Year</a>, becoming the first album in history to win the <a title="American Music Award" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/American_Music_Award">American Music Award</a> (AMA), <a class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Country Music Award" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Award">Academy of Country Music Award</a> (ACM), <a class="mw-redirect" title="Country Music Association Award" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award">Country Music Association Award</a> (CMA), and the <a title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year">Grammy Award for Album of the Year</a> in the same year.
<br />In the same year, <a title="Hootie & the Blowfish" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hootie_%26_the_Blowfish">Hootie & the Blowfish</a> vocalist <a title="Darius Rucker" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Darius_Rucker">Darius Rucker</a> released his second solo album and country music debut, <a title="Learn to Live" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Learn_to_Live">Learn to Live</a>. The first three singles from that album all debuted at No. 1, making Rucker the first solo artist to debut with three No. 1 hits in over a decade. He is also the first <a title="African American" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/African_American">African American</a> with a No. 1 country hit since <a title="Charley Pride" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Charley_Pride">Charley Pride</a> in 1983.
<br />In 2009, <a title="George Strait" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/George_Strait">George Strait</a> was named Artist of the Decade by the Academy of Country Music.
<br />2010s
<br />In 2010, the group <a title="Lady Antebellum" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lady_Antebellum">Lady Antebellum</a> won five Grammys, including the coveted <a title="Grammy Award for Song of the Year" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year">Song of the Year</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Record of the Year" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Record_of_the_Year">Record of the Year</a> for "<a title="Need You Now (song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Need_You_Now_(song)">Need You Now</a>".International
<br />Canada
<br />This section does not <a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources">cite</a> any <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a>. Please help improve this section by adding citations to <a title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a title="Template:Citation needed" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Template:Citation_needed">challenged</a> and <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence">removed</a>. (July 2008)
<br />Main articles: <a title="Canadian Country Music Association" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Association">Canadian Country Music Association</a> and <a title="Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame">Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame</a>
<br />Outside of the US, Canada has the largest country music fan and artist base. Mainstream country music is culturally ingrained in the <a title="Maritimes" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Maritimes">Maritimes</a> and the <a title="Canadian Prairies" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Canadian_Prairies">prairie provinces</a>: areas with large numbers of rural residents. Canadian country music originated in Atlantic Canada in the form of British and Irish folk music popular amongst Irish and Scottish immigrants to Canada's Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island). Like the southern United States and Appalachia, all three regions are of heavy British Isles stock and rural; as such, The development of country music in the Maritimes mirrored the development of country music in the US south and Appalachia.
<br /><a title="Don Messer's Jubilee" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Don_Messer%27s_Jubilee">Don Messer's Jubilee</a> was a Halifax, Nova Scotia based country/folk variety television show that was broadcast nationally from 1957 to 1969. It out drew the Ed Sullivan Show from the United States and became the #1 rated television show in Canada throughout much of the 1960s. Don Messer's Jubilee followed a consistent format throughout its years, beginning with a tune named "Goin' to the Barndance Tonight", followed by fiddle tunes by Messer, songs from some of his "Islanders" including singers Marg Osburne and Charlie Chamberlain, the featured guest performance, and a closing hymn. It ended with "Till We Meet Again".
<br />The guest performance slot gave national exposure to numerous Canadian folk musicians, including Stompin' Tom Connors and Catherine McKinnon. Some Maritime country performers went on to further fame beyond Canada. Hank Snow, Wilf Carter (also known as Montana Slim), and Anne Murray are the three most notable.
<br />The cancellation of the show by the public broadcaster in 1969 caused a nationwide protest, including the raising of questions in the Canadian parliament.
<br />Despite country's roots in the Maritimes, many traditional country artists are present in Eastern and Western Canada. They make common use of fiddle and pedal steel guitar styles. Some notable Canadian country artists include: <a title="Shania Twain" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shania_Twain">Shania Twain</a>, <a title="Blue Rodeo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Blue_Rodeo">Blue Rodeo</a>, <a title="Marg Osburne" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Marg_Osburne">Marg Osburne</a>, <a title="Hank Snow" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hank_Snow">Hank Snow</a>, <a title="Johnny Mooring" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Mooring">Johnny Mooring</a>, <a title="Don Messer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Don_Messer">Don Messer</a>, <a title="Doc Walker" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Doc_Walker">Doc Walker</a>, <a title="Emerson Drive" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Emerson_Drive">Emerson Drive</a>, <a title="Paul Brandt" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Paul_Brandt">Paul Brandt</a>, <a title="The Wilkinsons" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Wilkinsons">The Wilkinsons</a>, <a title="Wilf Carter" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wilf_Carter">Wilf Carter</a>, <a title="Michelle Wright" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Michelle_Wright">Michelle Wright</a>, <a title="Corb Lund and the Hurtin' Albertans" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Corb_Lund_and_the_Hurtin%27_Albertans">Corb Lund and the Hurtin' Albertans</a>, <a title="Stompin' Tom Connors" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Stompin%27_Tom_Connors">Stompin' Tom Connors</a>, <a title="Terri Clark" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Terri_Clark">Terri Clark</a>, <a title="Crystal Shawanda" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Crystal_Shawanda">Crystal Shawanda</a>, <a title="Shane Yellowbird" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shane_Yellowbird">Shane Yellowbird</a>, <a title="The Road Hammers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Road_Hammers">The Road Hammers</a>, <a title="Anne Murray" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Anne_Murray">Anne Murray</a>, and <a title="Prairie Oyster" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Prairie_Oyster">Prairie Oyster</a> and The Higgins.
<br />Australia
<br />Main article: <a title="Australian country music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Australian_country_music">Australian country music</a>
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg"></a><a title="Olivia Newton-John" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a> singing in Sydney in 2008.
<br /><a title="Australian country music" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Australian_country_music">Australian country music</a> has a long tradition. Influenced by American country music it has developed a distinct style, shaped by British and Irish folk ballads and Australian <a title="Bush ballad" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bush_ballad">bush balladeers</a> like <a title="Henry Lawson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Henry_Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> and <a title="Banjo Paterson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Banjo_Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>. Country instruments, including the <a title="Guitar" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Guitar">guitar</a>, <a title="Banjo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Banjo">banjo</a>, <a title="Fiddle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Fiddle">fiddle</a> and <a title="Harmonica" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Harmonica">harmonica</a> create the distinctive sound of country music in Australia and accompany songs with strong storyline and memorable chorus.
<br />Folk songs sung in Australia between the 1780s and 1920s based around such themes as the struggle against government <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tyranny">tyranny</a>, or the lives of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bushrangers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bushrangers">bushrangers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Swagmen" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Swagmen">swagmen</a>, <a title="Drover (Australian)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Drover_(Australian)">drovers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Stockmen" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Stockmen">stockmen</a> and <a title="Shearer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shearer">shearers</a> continue to influence the genre. This strain of Australian country, with lyrics focusing on Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "<a title="Bush band" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bush_band">bush band</a> music". <a title="Waltzing Matilda" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>, often regarded as Australia's unofficial <a title="National anthem" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/National_anthem">National anthem</a>, is a quintessential Australian country song, influenced more by British and Irish folk ballads than by American Country and Western music. The lyrics were composed by the poet <a title="Banjo Paterson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Banjo_Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a> in 1895. Other popular songs from this tradition include <a title="The Wild Colonial Boy" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy">The Wild Colonial Boy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Click Go The Shears" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Click_Go_The_Shears">Click Go The Shears</a>, <a class="new" title="The Queensland Drover (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=The_Queensland_Drover&action=edit&redlink=1">The Queensland Drover</a> and <a class="new" title="The Dying Stockman (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=The_Dying_Stockman&action=edit&redlink=1">The Dying Stockman</a>. Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of <a title="Australian Aborigines" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Australian_Aborigines">Aboriginality</a> and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast distances.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-69">[70]</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-70">[71]</a>
<br />Pioneers of a more Americanised popular country music in Australia included <a title="Tex Morton" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tex_Morton">Tex Morton</a> (known as The Father of Australian Country Music) in the 1930s and other early stars like <a title="Buddy Williams (country musician)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Buddy_Williams_(country_musician)">Buddy Williams</a>, <a title="Shirley Thoms" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Shirley_Thoms">Shirley Thoms</a> and <a title="Smoky Dawson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Smoky_Dawson">Smoky Dawson</a>. In 1952, Dawson began a radio show, and went on to national stardom as a singing cowboy of radio, TV and film.
<br /><a title="Slim Dusty" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Slim_Dusty">Slim Dusty</a> (1927–2003) was known as the King of Australian Country Music, and helped to popularise the Australian <a title="Bush ballad" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bush_ballad">bush ballad</a>. His successful career spanned almost six decades and his 1957 hit "<a class="mw-redirect" title="Pub With No Beer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pub_With_No_Beer">Pub With No Beer</a>" was the biggest-selling record by an Australian to that time, and with over seven million record sales in Australia he is the most successful artist in Australian musical history<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-71">[72]</a> Dusty recorded and released his one-hundredth album in the year 2000 and was given the honour of singing <a title="Waltzing Matilda" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a> in the closing ceremony of the <a title="2000 Summer Olympics" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics">Sydney 2000 Olympic Games</a>. Dusty's wife <a title="Joy McKean" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Joy_McKean">Joy McKean</a> penned several of his most popular songs.
<br /><a title="Chad Morgan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chad_Morgan">Chad Morgan</a>, who began recording in the 1950s has represented a vaudeville style of comic Australian country; <a title="Frank Ifield" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Frank_Ifield">Frank Ifield</a> achieved considerable success in the early 1960s, especially in the UK Singles Charts and <a title="Reg Lindsay" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Reg_Lindsay">Reg Lindsay</a> was one of the first Australians to perform at <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Nashville">Nashville</a>'s <a title="Grand Ole Opry" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> in 1974.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-72">[73]</a> <a title="Eric Bogle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Eric_Bogle">Eric Bogle</a>'s 1972 folk lament to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli campaign" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> "<a class="mw-redirect" title="And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/And_The_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda">And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda</a>" recalled the British and Irish origins of Australian folk-country. Singer-songwriter <a title="Paul Kelly (musician)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(musician)">Paul Kelly</a> whose music style straddles folk, rock, and country is often described as the poet laureate of Australian music.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-73">[74]</a>
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Keith_Urban_in_PoAH.JPG"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Keith_Urban_in_PoAH.JPG"></a><a title="Keith Urban" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Keith_Urban">Keith Urban</a> in 2007
<br />By the 1990s, country music had attained cross-over success in the pop charts with artists like <a title="James Blundell" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/James_Blundell">James Blundell</a> and <a title="James Reyne" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/James_Reyne">James Reyne</a> singing "<a title="Way Out West" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Way_Out_West">Way Out West</a>", and country star <a title="Kasey Chambers" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kasey_Chambers">Kasey Chambers</a> winning the <a title="ARIA Music Awards" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards">ARIA</a> for Best Female Artist in 2003. The cross-over influence of Australian country is also evident in the music of successful contemporary bands <a title="The Waifs" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Waifs">The Waifs</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="The John Butler Trio" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_John_Butler_Trio">The John Butler Trio</a>. <a title="Nick Cave" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Nick_Cave">Nick Cave</a> has been heavily influenced by the country artist <a title="Johnny Cash" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Johnny_Cash">Johnny Cash</a>. In 2000, Cash, covered Cave's "<a title="The Mercy Seat (song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Mercy_Seat_(song)">The Mercy Seat</a>" on the album American III: Solitary Man, seemingly repaying Cave for the compliment he paid by covering Cash's "The Singer" (originally "The Folk Singer") on his Kicking Against the Pricks album. Subsequently, Cave cut a duet with Cash on a version of <a title="Hank Williams" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hank_Williams">Hank Williams</a>' "<a title="I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/I%27m_So_Lonesome_I_Could_Cry">I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry</a>" for Cash's <a title="American IV: The Man Comes Around" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/American_IV:_The_Man_Comes_Around">American IV: The Man Comes Around</a> album (2002).
<br />Popular contemporary performers of Australian country music include: <a title="John Williamson (singer)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/John_Williamson_(singer)">John Williamson</a> (who wrote the iconic "<a title="True Blue (John Williamson song)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/True_Blue_(John_Williamson_song)">True Blue</a>"), <a title="Lee Kernaghan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lee_Kernaghan">Lee Kernaghan</a> (whose hits include "<a class="new" title="Boys From the Bush (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Boys_From_the_Bush&action=edit&redlink=1">Boys From the Bush</a>" and "<a title="The Outback Club" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/The_Outback_Club">the Outback Club</a>"), <a title="Gina Jeffreys" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gina_Jeffreys">Gina Jeffreys</a> and <a title="Sara Storer" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sara_Storer">Sara Storer</a>. In the USA, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Olivia Newton John" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Olivia_Newton_John">Olivia Newton John</a>, <a title="Sherrié Austin" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sherri%C3%A9_Austin">Sherrié Austin</a> and <a title="Keith Urban" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Keith_Urban">Keith Urban</a> have attained great success.
<br /><a class="image" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Ruby_Hunter_and_Archie_Roach1.jpg"></a>
<br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Ruby_Hunter_and_Archie_Roach1.jpg"></a>Ruby Hunter and <a title="Archie Roach" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Archie_Roach">Archie Roach</a> at the 2009 <a title="Tamworth Country Music Festival" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tamworth_Country_Music_Festival">Tamworth Country Music Festival</a>.
<br />Country music has also been a particularly popular form of musical expression among <a title="Indigenous Australians" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Indigenous_Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. <a title="Troy Cassar-Daley" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Troy_Cassar-Daley">Troy Cassar-Daley</a> is among Australia's successful contemporary indigenous performers Aboriginal artists and <a title="Kev Carmody" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kev_Carmody">Kev Carmody</a> and <a title="Archie Roach" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Archie_Roach">Archie Roach</a> employ a combination of folk-rock and country music to sing about Aboriginal rights issues.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-75">[76]</a>
<br />The <a title="Tamworth Country Music Festival" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tamworth_Country_Music_Festival">Tamworth Country Music Festival</a> began in 1973 and now attracts up to a 100,000 visitors annually. Held in <a title="Tamworth, New South Wales" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales">Tamworth, New South Wales</a> (Country music capital of Australia), it celebrates the culture and heritage of Australian country music. During the festival the <a title="Country Music Association of Australia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Association_of_Australia">CMAA</a> holds the <a title="Country Music Awards of Australia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Awards_of_Australia">Country Music Awards of Australia</a> ceremony awarding the <a title="Golden Guitar" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Golden_Guitar">Golden Guitar</a> trophies.
<br />Other significant country music festivals include the Whittlesea Country Music Festival (near <a title="Melbourne" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Melbourne">Melbourne</a>) and Boyup Brook Country Music Festival (<a title="Western Australia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Western_Australia">Western Australia</a>) in February; the Bamera Country Music Festival in June (<a title="South Australia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/South_Australia">South Australia</a>), the National Country Muster held in <a title="Gympie" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gympie">Gympie</a> during August, <a title="Mildura Country Music Festival" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mildura_Country_Music_Festival">Mildura Country Music Festival</a> for "independent" performers during October and the <a class="new" title="Canberra Country Music Festival (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Canberra_Country_Music_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1">Canberra Country Music Festival</a> held in the national capital during November. Some festivals are quite unique in their location: Grabine State Park in <a title="New South Wales" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/New_South_Wales">New South Wales</a> promotes Australian country through the Grabine Music Muster Festival; Marilyns Country Music Festival is a unique event held in South Australia's Smoky Bay in September and is the only music festival in the world using an oyster barge as a stage.
<br />Country HQ showcases new talent on the rise in the country music scene <a class="mw-redirect" title="Downunder" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Downunder">downunder</a>. CMC (the <a title="Country Music Channel" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Channel">Country Music Channel</a>), a 24 hour music channel dedicated to non-stop country music, can be viewed on <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pay tv" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pay_tv">pay tv</a> and features once a year the Golden Guitar Awards, CMAs and CCMAs alongside international shows such as The Wilkinsons, The Road Hammers, and Country Music Across America.
<br />Other international country music
<br />Tom Roland, from the <a title="Country Music Association" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Association">Country Music Association</a> International, explains Country Music’s global popularity: “In this respect, at least, Country Music listeners around the globe have something in common with those in the United States. In Germany, for instance, Rohrbach identifies three general groups that gravitate to the genre: people intrigued with the American cowboy icon, middle-aged fans who seek an alternative to harder rock music and younger listeners drawn to the pop-influenced sound that underscores many current Country hits.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-int-76">[77]</a>
<br />One of the first Americans to perform country music abroad was <a title="George Hamilton IV" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/George_Hamilton_IV">George Hamilton IV</a>. He was the first country musician to perform in the Soviet Union; he also toured in Australia and the Middle East. He was deemed the "International Ambassador of Country Music" for his contributions to the globalization of country music.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-77">[78]</a> Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Keith Urban, and Dwight Yoakam have also made numerous international tours.
<br />The <a title="Country Music Association" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Country_Music_Association">Country Music Association</a> undertakes various initiatives to promote country music internationally.
<br />In the United Kingdom, a country-derived genre known as <a title="Skiffle" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Skiffle">skiffle</a> peaked in the 1950s thanks to the efforts of <a title="Lonnie Donegan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan">Lonnie Donegan</a>; though the genre as a whole was very short-lived, most of the bands involved with the <a title="British Invasion" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/British_Invasion">British Invasion</a> began their careers as skiffle musicians.
<br />In South America, on the last weekend of September, the yearly "San Pedro Country Music Festival"<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-79">[80]</a> takes places in the town of <a class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, Buenos Aires" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/San_Pedro,_Buenos_Aires">San Pedro, Argentina</a>. The festival features bands from different places of <a title="Argentina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a>, as well as international artist from <a title="Brazil" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a title="Uruguay" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a title="Chile" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chile">Chile</a>, <a title="Peru" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Peru">Peru</a> and the <a title="United States" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/United_States">United States</a>.
<br />In <a title="India" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/India">India</a>, the <a title="Anglo-Indian" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> community is well known for enjoying and performing country music. An annual concert festival called "Blazing Guitars"<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7902958531762677550#cite_note-80">[81]</a> held in <a title="Chennai" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Chennai">Chennai</a> brings together Anglo-Indian musicians from all over the country (including some who have emigrated to places like Australia).
<br />In Ireland <a title="TG4" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/TG4">TG4</a> began a quest for Ireland's next country star called <a title="Glór Tíre" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gl%C3%B3r_T%C3%ADre">Glór Tíre</a>, translated as Country Voice, it is now in its 6th season and is one of TG4 most watched TV shows. A recent success in the Irish arena has been <a title="Crystal Swing" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Crystal_Swing">Crystal Swing</a>.
<br />In <a title="Sweden" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a title="Rednex" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rednex">Rednex</a> rose to stardom combining country music with electro-pop in the 1990s. In 1994, the group had a worldwide hit with their version of the traditional Southern tune "<a title="Cotton-Eyed Joe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Cotton-Eyed_Joe">Cotton-Eyed Joe</a>". Other notable Swedish country acts include <a title="Jill Johnson" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Jill_Johnson">Jill Johnson</a> and <a class="new" title="Calaisa (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Calaisa&action=edit&redlink=1">Calaisa</a>.
<br /><a title="Rhodesia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> during the 1970s had an active country and western music scene. Many songs combined country ballads with patriotic or military inspired lyrics. For example, <a title="Clem Tholet" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Clem_Tholet">Clem Tholet</a>'s Rhodesians Never Die rose to the top of the Rhodesian pop charts.
<br />Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-83576435361650091632011-06-08T03:54:00.000-07:002011-06-08T04:08:46.985-07:00LET US RESPECT THE SOCIAL CONTRACT WE SIGNED<div style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><u><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">LET US RESPECT THE SOCIAL CONTRACT WE SIGNED</span></span></u></b></div><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><b style=""><u><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:none;"></span></span></u></b> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Article 18 (clause 1) of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana states that “Every person has the right to own property either alone or in association with others.” The Constitution also gives every citizen a right to life, liberty, fair trial, equality and freedom from discrimination, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to form or join political parties and to participate in political activities and elect leaders. The rights to life, liberty and to own property are called natural rights, basic rights or fundamental rights.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The concept of natural or basic rights means that all persons automatically have these rights because they are human beings.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Everyone is born with these basic rights and they should not be taken without a person’s agreement.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The 1992 Constitution gives every citizen of Ghana of 18 years or above and of sound mind the right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for the purposes of public elections and referenda.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">When we vote and elect our government, it means that we give up some of our rights and freedoms in exchange for our protection and security.<span style=""> </span>This is to say that, people agree to follow laws in exchange for their protection and security.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Our Constitution also gives us the right to choose a government, and the government in turn has responsibility to protect our fights and seek our welfare by providing food, shelter, clothing, education, healthcare to mention just a few.<span style=""> </span>This agreement is called a Social Contract.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">John Locke, an English scholar and a political thinker argued that government is created by a common agreement (That is treaty/contract) among human beings to serve the interest of other communities. Therefore all forms of rules should be based on agreement and consent of the people. Once there is a contract, there is an offer and an acceptance. </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">We, as people went to the polls and voted for this new government, telling them that we have accepted whatever offers they laid on the table in the political market-place and that we have given them the mandate to govern or rule over us.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">I want to use your medium to remind President John Evan Atta Mills that during his campaign when he was the presidential candidate of the National Democratic Congress, he made it clear that he was signing a social contract with the people of Ghana and that if he was voted form he would fulfill his part of the contract. </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">I am appealing to other officers like the Members of Parliament, Ministers, District Chief Executives and Assemblymen and women who are agents of the president to also fulfill their part of the contract by addressing the problems of the people with speed and efficiency.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">As citizens of Ghana, we must also carryout our side of the contract by raising high the good name of our country, Ghana, paying our taxes upholding and defending the Constitution, promoting natural unity and living in unity with others.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">I also entreat all Ghanaians to co-operate with the law-enforcement and help to protect the environment and help to protect public property and funds.</span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Finally, I would like to remind all of us (Both electorate and those in authorities) that if we honour the social agreement that we have signed, it will help maintain governmental stability, peace and order. It also reduces the extent to which the repressive machinery of the state is exercised.</span></span> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></div><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><br /></span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>DESMOND LAMPTEY</strong></span></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;">GHANA</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> BROADCASTING CORPORATION</span></strong></span></p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;">( UNIIQ 95.7FM )<br /></span></strong></span> </p><p class="yiv594796755MsoNormal" style="MARGIN:0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;">ACCRA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE:14pt;">. </span></strong></span> </p>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-88440441108146899362009-10-14T12:28:00.000-07:002009-10-14T12:44:00.810-07:00ASSIGNMENT: KNOWLEDGE SOCIETYKNOWLEDGE SOCIETY<br /><br />Give three (3) definitions of knowledge society<br /><br />Ans:<br /><br />(1) Broadly speaking, the term “knowledge society” refers to any society where knowledge is the primary product resource instead of capital and labour.<br /><br />It may also refer to the use a certain society gives to information.<br /><br />A “knowledge society” creates, shares and uses knowledge for the prosperity and well being of its society.<br /><br />http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/knowledge-society<br /><br /><br /><br />(2) “Knowledge Society” is a society that creates, shares and uses knowledge for the prosperity and well-being of its people.<br /><br />http://www.degitalstrategy.govt.nz/Resources/Glossary-of-key-terms<br /><br /><br /><br />(3) Knowledge Society is one which places an explicit and principal value on knowledge as means to achieve economic and social well-being.<br /><br />It is one which features knowledge prominently among the basic needs of all its citizens and wills all citizens to engage productively with knowledge.<br /><br />http://www.eclac.cl/socindto/noticias/noticias/6/26546/lctpol06/pdf<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />PRESENTED BY:<br /><br />DESMOND NII LAMPTEY<br />DCSM 2010036<br />DIPLOMA 2<br />MORNING<input id="gwProxy" type="hidden"><!--Session data--><input onclick="jsCall();" id="jsProxy" type="hidden"><div id="refHTML"></div>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-46190750482869976102009-10-06T07:47:00.000-07:002009-10-06T08:29:19.467-07:00ASSIGNMENT: INFORMATION SOCIETYINFORMATION SOCIETY<br />GIVE THREE DEFINITION OF INFORMATION SOCIETY <br /><br />The term “Information Society” also known as InSoc seems to have originated in Japan in the 1960s, although its history is usually traced to the concept “post industrial” society, first proposed by the sociologist Daniel Bell (1973).<br /><br />Information, according to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, ‘is the knowledge about something especially facts and news. Information is also facts told or discovered. ‘<br /><br />Society is an ordered community; a particular system of ordering the community.<br /><br />Therefore, the three (3) definitions of Information Society are as follows<br /><br />(1) Melody (1990), describes Information Society simply as those that have “become dependent upon complex electronic information networks and which allocate a major portion of their resources to information and communication activities.”<br /><br />McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory (5th Edition)<br />Author: Denis McQuail<br />Publishers SAGE Publications<br /><br />(2) ‘Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution and manipulation of information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity.’ <br /><br />http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition<br /><br />(3) Information Society refers to a situation where information and communication technologies are integrated in industrial production and information dissemination in all fields.<br /><br />Technology instigates a new approach to the production, distribution and consumption of information. Information Society refers to a situation where information becomes a source of income generation: where employment is found mostly in the information sector.<br /><br />http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewcontent/cd out put/ TR501<br /><br /><br />In conclusion, Information Society is a society where communication and information technologies influence the everyday lives of most of its members.<br /><br /> <br />PRESENTED BY<br /><br />DESMOND NII LAMPTEY<br />DCSM 2010036<br />DIPLOMA 2<br />MORNINGDesmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-79417787400461270312009-05-19T15:21:00.000-07:002009-05-19T15:28:30.383-07:00COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE LIBERTARIAN AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORIES<div align="justify">QUESTION<br /><strong>Compare and contrast the Libertarian Theory and the Social Responsibility Theory of the Press<br /></strong><br /><br />ANSWER<br />Libertarian Theory and Social Responsibility Theory are among the other theories which come under the Normative Theories of the Media or the Press. They are four (4) theories which were propounded by three (3) people namely Wilbur Schramm, Fred Seaton Siebert and Theodore Peterson in 1956 in the book Four (4) Theories of the Press. The four theories of the press from which I am about to look at two (2) was trying to clarify the connection between media and political society in the modern world.<br /><br />The four (4) theories are:<br /><br />The Authoritarian Theory<br />The Libertarian Theory<br />The Social Responsibility Theory<br />The Soviet Community Theory<br /><br />Along the line, Denis McQuail criticized the above four (4) that, they are biased that is, they are western centered. In his book ‘Mass Communication Theory: An introduction’, he developed two (2) other theories to take care of the biases: These are, The Development Concept of the Press and the Democratic Participant Theory<br /><br />Among the above, we are going to look at the similarities and differences of the libertarian Theory and Social Responsibility Theory, but first, let us consider Normative Theory.<br /><br />Normative Theory<br /><br />Normative is a word from norm which according to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary means ‘a situation or a pattern of behaviour that is usually expected or accepted within a particular group or society.’ It means the norm, that is, what is supposed to be done<br /><br />Theory, according to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English ‘is a formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or on ideas which re suggested to explain fact or event or more generally n opinion or explanation.’<br /><br />Therefore, normative theory is how the media is supposed to behave in a certain political, economic and social system. Normative theory is a theory that describes a norm or standard of behaviour that ought to be followed as opposed to the one that actually is followed. Ref: <a href="http://www.questia.com/index.com%20(14">www.questia.com/index.com (14</a> May, 2009)<br />It is also any theory which seeks to explain or predict what would happen under theoretical constraints; what ought to be; such as perfect competition, rather than what is or will be. Ref <a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1015%20-%20normative">www.highbeam.com/doc/1015 - normative</a> theory.html<br />Article from: A dictionary Geography by Susan Mayhew therefore normative theories of the media are the ideal views of how journalism or media ought to be. For example when we speak of normative theory we refer to the ideas of rights and expectations of benefit from the media to individuals and society. Ref. McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory P. 163<br /><br />LIBERTARIAN THEORY<br /><br />The Libertarian Theory came in when democracy arrived (i.e. when people had the right to vote), this theory was adopted in England after 1688 and in the U S and it is influential elsewhere in the world. Its purpose is to inform entertain, sell as well as discover truth and check on government. Ownership is chiefly private. Before the Libertarian Theory there was the Authoritarian Theory but some factors weakened that theory: the idea of religions freedom, expansion of economic freedom and the idea of enlightenment. The emphasis on personal freedom and democracy also helped greatly for this theory to come.<br /><br />The rise in of libertarian ideas especially in the 17th Century also contributed. Writers and philosophers like Milton John Locke, Saint Simone and others argued that man is rational and able to discern between truth and falsehood and therefore, can choose between a better and worse alternative. This theory also says that man is capable of determining his own destiny when given all the facts will make the right choice<br />In this theory everybody has the right to be free. The media used it and they went too far. They reported on anything like sex, explicit things, showed dead bodies and so on. That was how they got the name ‘Yellow Journalism.’ By 1949 in the U S A people were fed up with the media because they reported on anything and were infringing on people’s privacy and right. This led to the Social Responsibility Theory (S.R.T.).<br /><br />SOCIAL RESPONSIBILY THEORY<br /><br />This is a compliment to the Libertarian Theory. It was practiced in the U.S in the 20th Century. The purpose is to inform entertain, sell and also to raise conflict to the plane of discussion. Here Ownership is private.<br />It is the outgrowth of the libertarian theory. Around the 40s, the Libertarian Theory had problems with the total freedom they enjoyed. The media misused the word freedom. The media or press impeded on other people’s freedom. The people said that they (the media) should regulate their freedom: They should practice self regulation.<br />That was when the Hutchin’s Committee was formed in 1949 to look at how the media work. Based on their findings, they came out with: ‘the media should be free but they should have a self imposed responsibility.’<br /><br />That is to say that they should make sure that their freedom does not go over board. So here, this theory unlike the libertarian talks about freedom but is said that your freedom should come with a responsibility because freedom without responsibility can go astray.<br /><br />‘The theory takes a philosophical view that even though man is rational and can reason he is reluctant to do so. Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm noted that “freedom of expression under the Social Responsibility Theory is not in absolute rights under the pure Libertarian Theory…. One’s right to freedom of expression must be balanced against the private rights of others and against vital social interest.’ Ref. Four Theories of the Press: bookgoogle.com.<br /><br />Both theories have some similarities and differences. One is seemingly an outgrowth of the other. Now after talking about the two theories we will look at their similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts).<br /><br />The very first point I would like to raise is the fact that they are both theories of the press or the media. This is a similarity. As we have already discussed, the normative theory talks about how the media ought to behave in a particular society and both the Libertarian and the Social Responsibility Theories states how the press should behave in society. The fifth edition of the book “Mass Communication Theory by Denis McQuail” says that normative theory states the idea of how the media ought to, or are expected to be organized and to behave in the wider public or for the good of the society as a whole. They both look at how the press should functioning particular political, economic and social system.<br /><br />The Libertarian Theory and Social Responsibility Theories looks at media structure and performance. They both look at whether the political and social systems provide the media freedom from the state and does it allow for multiplicity of different channels.<br /><br />Secondly, the Libertarian Theory and the Social Responsibility Theory mention freedom. When we take a look at the two(2) theories, unlike the authoritarian, here, the media is free from control by government or other powerful interests, sufficient to allow them to report and express freely and independently and to meet the needs of their audiences. People should also be free to receive the media of their choice. Ref: McQuail’s Mass media Communication Theory.<br /><br />Relating this to a third world country like Ghana, I can strongly say that the media is under no control from the government. The Government of Ghana does not instruct any of the media houses on which programme to show on the television or which programmes to broadcast on radio. The media in Ghana is allowed to report and express freely. An example is Joy fm which is owned by Multimedia Broadcasting Company, it broadcast freely, giving to its target audience the things to meet their needs. They are not controlled by the government.<br /><br />Even though we have stated that both of them talks about freedom, Libertarian Theory talks about total and absolute freedom. While in contrast the Social Responsibility Theory reaffirms the principles of freedom but added to them the notion of social responsibility freedom of expression under the Social Responsibility Theory is not an absolute right as under pure Libertarian Theory. “The notion of rights, costless, unconditional, conferred by the creator at birth, was a marvelous principle against arbitrary governments and had its historical work to do” says the Hutchins commission. “But in the context of an achieved political freedom, the need of limitation becomes evident”. One’s right to freedom of expression must be balanced against the private rights of others and against vital social interest”. Ref. Four Theories of The Press by Fred Seaton Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm (books.google.com.gh). Social Responsibility Theory states that, it is far more in keeping with a free society that men achieve responsibility through their own wish and self-control than through some external force.<br /><br />Yes there are a lot of media houses in Ghana. They are not controlled by the government, but it is believed that they become responsible of their actions. Here we can see the two (2) theories at play because there are many media houses but they are codes and regulations to guide them. The media due to Libertarian Theory can report on anything but the S R T tells you, you should be guided by codes and ethics of the society. As the Hutchin’s Commission stated in one of their finding: “Man is to remain free, he must live by reason instead of passively accepting what he sees, hears, and feels. Therefore, the more alert element of the community must drive him into the exercise of his reason. Without such goading, man is not likely to be moved to seek truth. The laziness which keeps him from using his gift of reason extends to all public discussion. Man’s aim is not to find truth but to satisfy his immediate needs and desire. There are some newspapers in Ghana here, which reports on anything without responsibility. Today if you go to the news stands, there are shouting headlines on sex. Due to the freedom, that is absolute freedom they just bring these pictures forgetting that children also come to the news stand, showing no responsibility.<br /><br />Some newspapers too report on anything and not the truth because of the freedom and the fact they have to fill their pockets. They report on issues without checking and double checking, feeding the society with anything. Due to the Libertarian Theory, some of the television stations show anything and do not care about the society they are transmitting to. They even show dead bodies without any prior notice.<br /><br />But again, a television station like G T V will not do that because they know they owe society a responsibility. Some of the newspapers will also check and re-check their facts before bringing some stories out due to the Social Responsibility Theory. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation as a media house do not just bring out any story to tarnish people images or broadcast a anything against the cultural behaviours of our society. They are very particular about the things they show on the television and those that are aired on the radio. Ghana Television for example shows a lot of educative programmes to serve the society. Among them is Adult Education in the six (6) languages and they discuss issues pertaining to the growth of society.<br /><br />The Libertarian Theory of the mass media focuses on the press’ right to broadcast any opinion, either right or wrong, in an uncensored fashion. Libertarian advocates, argue that the mass media can promote wide variety of opinions without government intervention through regulation or other censorship.<br /><br />Another Libertarian Theory belief is that the audience is a group of rational thinkers. The audience is able to distinguish right from wrong, and they are able to comprehend the difference between facts and opinions. Knowing that the audience is rational, mass media are then able to present a diverse number of ideas to everyone. These ideas can then be evaluated and tested by rational audience.<br /><br />In contrast, the Social Responsibility Theory criticizes many of the views of Libertarian Theory. The Social Responsibility Theory stressed that the audience is not as rational as the Libertarian Theory suggests. They argue that many consumers have a distorted view of the world based on television viewing.<br /><br />Social Responsibility Theory assumes that the state uses censorship and other legal measures to prevent and punish antisocial publication; but for the Libertarian Theory, there are no regulations.<br /><br />John Milton said that individuals must have access to what is (in resent day Libertarian Theory) called “free market place of ides”. This is one of the most important functions that the mass media must fulfill according to this theory. That is, media serves to provide a forum in which people can exchange ideas, and through such dialogue, can arrive at the truth.<br /><br />The Social Responsibility Theory on the other hand even though agrees to this “free market place of ideas” says that , the people who come to the market place should be regulated so that the people who come there are people who will come and say responsible things. It should not be a plat form for anybody to just trade ideas but it should check those who come in n dot of the place.<br /><br />A typical example in Ghana is the private stations; they have people coming on to their stations to air their views but when it comes to appearing on GTV or Uniiq fm of the Ghana Broadcasting there is serious scrutinizing before people are allowed on air.<br /><br />For both Social Responsibility Theory and Libertarian Theory there is free market where people put their ideas on table and then the people (that is, come and pick the ones that they think is good for them. But when it comes to the Social Responsibility Theory, there is some sort of sieving because your ideas should be responsible, not that anything is put on the market.<br /><br />Further more, Libertarian Theory looks at ownership by an individual or few individuals while the Social Responsibility Theory is owned by the society, a lot of people and sometimes government. For Libertarian Theory accountability is to a few people while the Social Responsibility Theory accounts to the society.<br /><br />The Libertarian Theory as it promotes total freedom looks t individuals coming with press houses. The individual when operating media house becomes accountable to the owner or owners and will do everything to get money to pay its workers. Even when showing an educative programme which help society, there will be a lot of advert running, there by distorting the message because he has to look for money to pay workers and bills.<br />On the contrary, the media under the Social Responsibility Theory is accountable to a larger group of people; that is, the society. So what they show or present on radio, television or print in the newspapers, should come with a lot of responsibility.<br /><br />Finally according to Article 162 of t he 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, it states that “Freedom and independence of the media are hereby guaranteed.” It goes on to say that, there shall be no censorship on Ghana and that editors and publishers of newspapers and other institutions of the mass media shall not be subject to control or influence by Government. This is what the Libertarian Theory seeks to promote. There should be freedom without any impediment. Due to this, there are a lot of press houses which do things without any responsibility.<br /><br />The Social Responsibility Theory on the other hand states there should not be absolute freedom. In view of this, the media has a code of ethics to guide its day-to-day activities. “A journalistic code of ethics refers to a set of principles of professional conducts that are adopted and controlled by journalists themselves.” Ref McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory.<br /><br />For example Article 2 of the Ghana Journalists Association codes of Ethics, title Social Responsibility states that; “In collecting and disseminating information. The journalist should bear in mind his/her responsibility to the public at large and at the various interests in society.’’ This is a clear display of what the Social Responsibility Theory seeks to promote. This buttress the point of being responsible to the society in which you operate. The media in Ghana as much as reporting on anything because of absolute freedom, also go by the GJA code of ethics but some of them does not respect it because there is no law backing it. For instance, when there are issues for development to be discussed, one newspaper was reporting on the fact that, the former president of Ghana, Jerry John Rawlings has been given a stolen goat. Is this responsibility?<br /><br />Undoubtedly, the two theories are in play here in Ghana since the above examples clearly states them. As we can see the Social Responsibility Theory is an outgrowth of the Libertarian Theory and they have similarities and difference. The purpose of the two (2) theories is to inform, entertain, sell, discover the truth as well as check on government, however Social Responsibility goes beyond “objective” reporting to “interpretive” reporting: A truthful, complete account of the news is not necessarily enough today, notes the Commission on Freedom of the press; “it is no longer enough truth bout the fact..” Today’s complex world often necessitate analysis, explanation, and interpretation. Ref; Four Theories of the Press by Fred Seation Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm.<br /><br />“The journalist has the right to report, that is to write, it is human rights. The freedom is a right, it is privilege but should it be limitless? Freedom is a very expensive and difficult property on you. We are supposed to have the freedom but we should use it responsibly.” (Mr. Kwadwo Boateng, Lecturer, Mass Communication, Ghana Institute of Journalism.)<br /><br />Though the Libertarian and Social Responsibility Theories have their differences and similarities, using the fusion of the two (2) as it is done in Ghana is allowed but can be very dangerous. Every freedom must go with a responsibility. Let me end with a quote by T. L Glasser (1986) ‘’Press Responsibility and First Amendment Values; in D Elliot (ed), Responsibility Journalism, pp. 88. New burry Park, CA: Sage.”<br /><br />‘From the perspective of a negative concept, the press is under no obligation to extend its liberty or to accommodate the liberty of others… From the perspective of an affirmative understanding ….in contrast, freedom and responsibility stand side by side….(and) an individual’s ability to gain the benefits of liberty must be included among the conditions definitive of liberty.’ <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Reference:<br /><br />Mass Communication Theory<br />By Denis McQuail<br />5th Edition<br /><br /><a href="http://www.questia.com/index.com">www.questia.com/index.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1015%20-%20normative%20theory.html">www.highbeam.com/doc/1015 - normative theory.html</a><br /><br />Four Theories of the Press: bookgoogle.com.<br /><br />Ghana Journalists Association Code of Ethics<br /><br />T. L Glasser (1986) Press Responsibility and First Amendment Values; in D Elliot (ed), Responsibility Journalism, pp. 88. New burry Park, CA: Sage.<br /> </div>Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7902958531762677550.post-3495443244626027532009-05-14T03:50:00.000-07:002009-05-14T03:52:15.346-07:00LET US RESPECT THE SOCIAL CONTRACT WE SIGNEDArticle 18 (clause 1) of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana states that “Every person has the right to own property either alone or in association with others.” The Constitution also gives every citizen a right to life, liberty, fair trial, equality and freedom from discrimination, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to form or join political parties and to participate in political activities and elect leaders. The rights to life, liberty and to own property are called natural rights, basic rights or fundamental rights.<br /><br />The concept of natural or basic rights means that all persons automatically have these rights because they are human beings.<br /><br />Everyone is born with these basic rights and they should not be taken without a person’s agreement.<br /><br />The 1992 Constitution gives every citizen of Ghana of 18 years or above and of sound mind the right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for the purposes of public elections and referenda.<br /><br />When we vote and elect our government, it means that we give up some of our rights and freedoms in exchange for our protection and security. This is to say that, people agree to follow laws in exchange for their protection and security.<br /><br />Our Constitution also gives us the right to choose a government, and the government in turn has responsibility to protect our fights and seek our welfare by providing food, shelter, clothing, education, healthcare to mention just a few. This agreement is called a Social Contract.<br /><br />John Locke, an English scholar and a political thinker argued that government is created by a common agreement (That is treaty/contract) among human beings to serve the interest of other communities. Therefore all forms of rules should be based on agreement and consent of the people. Once there is a contract, there is an offer and an acceptance.<br />We, as people went to the polls and voted for this new government, telling them that we have accepted whatever offers they laid on the table in the political market-place and that we have given them the mandate to govern or rule over us.<br /><br />I want to use your medium to remind President John Evan Atta Mills that during his campaign when he was the presidential candidate of the National Democratic Congress, he made it clear that he was signing a social contract with the people of Ghana and that if he was voted form he would fulfill his part of the contract.<br /><br />I am appealing to other officers like the Members of Parliament, Ministers, District Chief Executives and Assemblymen and women who are agents of the president to also fulfill their part of the contract by addressing the problems of the people with speed and efficiency.<br /><br />As citizens of Ghana, we must also carryout our side of the contract by raising high the good name of our country, Ghana, paying our taxes upholding and defending the Constitution, promoting natural unity and living in unity with others.<br /><br />I also entreat all Ghanaians to co-operate with the law-enforcement and help to protect the environment and help to protect public property and funds.<br /><br />Finally, I would like to remind all of us (Both electorate and those in authorities) that if we honour the social agreement that we have signed, it will help maintain governmental stability, peace and order. It also reduces the extent to which the repressive machinery of the state is exercised.<br /><br />Thank you for the time and space in your most-read newspaper.Desmond Lampteyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14915632370491571768noreply@blogger.com0